# EDO

(Redirected from EDOs)

An equal division of the octave (EDO or edo) is a tuning obtained by dividing the octave in a certain number of equal steps. This means that the interval between any two consecutive pitches is identical.

A tuning with n equal divisions of the octave is usually called "n-edo" ("n-EDO"). For instance, the predominant tuning system in the world today is 12edo (12-EDO).

An edo is a specific case of equal pitch division, which is a kind of equal-step tuning. Therefore, it is also a kind of arithmetic and harmonotonic tuning.

## History

Tuning theorists first used the term "equal temperament" for edos designed to approximate low-complexity just intervals. The same term is still used today for all rank-1 temperaments. For example, 15edo can be referred to as 15-tone equal temperament (15-TET, 15-tET, 15tet, etc.), or more simply 15 equal temperament (15-ET, 15et, etc.).

The acronym "EDO" (EE-dee-oh) was coined by Daniel Anthony Stearns in 1999, originally standing for "equidistant divisions of the octave"[1]. More recently, the anacronym "edo" (EE-doh), spelled in lowercase, has become increasingly widespread.

With the development of equal divisions of non-octave intervals (edonoi), some people started writing "ed2" ("ED2"), especially when naming a specific tuning. Furthermore, in order to distinguish equal pitch division from equal frequency division and equal length division, "epd" ("EPD") is sometimes used in place of "ed" ("ED").

Several alternate notations have been devised, including "edd" ("EDD"; equal division of the ditave), "DIV," and "EQ".[citation needed]

## Formula

To find the step size (interval ratio) for an $n$edo, take the $n$th root of 2. For example, the step of 12edo is $2^{\frac{1}{12}}$ (≈ 1.059). So the formula for the $k$th step of an $n$edo is:

$c(k) = 2^{\frac{k}{n}}$

This way, when $k$ is 0, $c(k)$ is simply 1, because any number to the 0th power is 1. And when $k$ is $n$, $c(k)$ is simply 2, because any number to the 1st power is itself.

## EDO FAQ

### What are EDO scales like?

Very straightforward to work with, the step size being so even and all. Some find the monotony bland, others find it a safe stable footing for musicmaking. The only property shared by all of them is the equality of their step-sizes; otherwise, their individual properties are as different as can be. The lower-numbered EDOs, especially 5 to 24, possess very strong and unique "characters", which some composers have found to be inspiring in their own right.

### Why would I want to use an EDO?

If you are a guitarist (or a player of some other fretted string instrument, like a bass guitar, Appalachian dulcimer, ukelele, banjo, mandolin, sitar, saz, pipa, or zhong ruan), an EDO will provide you with the simplest possible fretboard layout, as all of the frets will go straight across the fretboard, regardless of how you want to tune the open strings. Speaking of string instruments fretted for EDOs, since ascending through the EDOs will crowd a fretboard relatively quickly, especially as one approaches the 30-something EDOs, Equal divisions of the double octave (or higher multiple of the octave) are a relatively tidy compromise solution to the problem of laying out high-EDO fretboards.

More generally, EDOs allow for modulation to every single key in the tuning, without any alteration in harmonic properties, thus making transposition totally seamless. This also makes them somewhat easier to learn, as you do not have to memorize the harmonic and melodic variations that appear in various keys (which you would have to learn in JI, an unequal regular temperament, or a well-temperament, especially with smaller numbers of tones). For those accustomed to the "equality" of 12-TET, the equality of the alternative EDOs can be reassuringly familiar.

### How do I explore so many?

It depends entirely on your desires as a musician!

If you are interested in exploring the unique merits and challenges of each EDO, irrespective of any desire to approximate Just intonation (or any other a priori musical goal), starting at the bottom and working your way up can be a most illuminating exercise.

If you're a classically-trained musician and you'd like to start with some EDOs that have some relationship to common-practice tonal music, starting with reasonably-low EDOs that give a good approximation to 3/2 (the perfect 5th) can be rewarding. These include 12, 17, 19, 22, 29, 31, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, and 53. All of these can be notated with some variant on the A-G "circle of fifths" notation, while other EDOs, including 24, 34, 36, 38, 44, 48, or 51 involve more than one such circle.

Some EDOs, such as 26, 27, 32, 33, or 37 have fifths which are reasonably good but quite audibly not just. Other EDOs, such as 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, or 25, are of interest to the avid seeker of totally unusual sounds that have next-to-no connection with the common practice.

EDOs can be further subdivided and classified according to the size of the fifth, such as with Margo Schulter's gentle region or the distinction between negative, positive, doubly negative and doubly positive of RHM Bosanquet. Kite Giedraitis has proposed these six categories, based on the size of the fifth. From narrowest to widest:

• superflat EDOs (9, 11, 13b, 16, 18b & 23) have a fifth narrower than four-sevenths of an octave = 4\7 = 686¢
• perfect EDOs (7, 14, 21, 28 & 35) have a fifth of 4\7 = 686¢
• diatonic EDOs (12, 17, 19, 22, 24, etc.) have a fifth between 686¢ and 720¢
• pentatonic EDOs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 & 30) have a fifth of three-fifths of an octave = 3\5 = 720¢
• supersharp EDOs (8, 13 & 18) have a fifth wider than 3\5 = 720¢
• trivial EDOs (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) have a fifth about 100¢ from just, and are contained in 12edo

### Non-tuning properties

You will quickly find that the factorization of the total number of notes in each EDO has consequences for its structure and the way it relates to other EDOs. For example, 6 = 2 x 3, so 6edo contains all of the intervals in both 2edo and 3edo. On the other hand, 7 is a prime number, so no 7edo intervals are redundant with those of smaller EDOs. See Prime EDO and Superabundant EDO for more details.

The MOS paradigm is a fascinating way of thinking about building sub-scales of EDOs and relating them to non-EDO scales, as well as finding common melodic patterns between multiple EDOs.

Interesting phenomena may be observed when adding the cardinality of one equal division to that of another (octave or not). This really amounts to the consideration of adding the associated vals, which are the mappings to primes larger than 2. An EDO is defined by a certain number of steps equating to 2; if we have more steps equating to 3, we get a 3-limit val, and so forth. So, for example, 12edo can be written 12], saying that twelve steps maps to 2, but the 3-limit val for 12 is 12 19], telling us that 19 steps maps to 3, and the 5-limit val is 12 19 28], telling us that 28 steps maps to 5.

If we add 12 and 19 we get another good division, 12 + 19 = 31. We can understand why this works if we look at it as adding vals; 12 19 28] + 19 30 44] = 31 49 72]. The relative error in terms of relative cents is additive, and so sharpness and flatness cancel out, as they do for example with the approximation to 5 when adding 12 and 19. In terms of relative cents, the error of 12edo for the primes 3 and 5 is [-1.955 13.686] (the same as absolute cents) and the error of 19edo is [-11.429 -11.663], and this sums to [-13.384 2.023]. In relative cents the error of the fifth for 31edo is not much increased from 19edo, and on converting to absolute cents we find it is even better, and the error of the major third is much smaller due to the cancellation. When the errors are very sharp in one direction and very flat in another, as for instance with 15edo and 16edo, the sum (again 31edo) can have a much smaller error due to the cancellation. 24edo's flat fifth and 29edo's sharp fifth can be added to form 53edo.

We may also look at addition of EDOs in terms of MOS; if a\n is a generator for an n-edo MOS, and b\m for an m-edo MOS, where both of these are generators for the same linear temperament, then the mediant, (a + b)\(n + m), will be a generator for a MOS for the same temperament, this time in (n + m)-edo. A visual way of putting this is that through this addition of n and m, one becomes the accidentals or black keys, and the other the naturals or white keys. The choice of accidental/natural or black keys/white keys is a question of emphasis on the part of the composer or designer. Furthermore, one may add more than two numbers, hierarchically expanding the possibilities to double flats and sharps and beyond. This can be useful in designing keyboards and systems of notation.

### Size of an EDO

When an edo divides the octave into fewer than 12 divisions (so that each step exceeds 100 cents), you might call it a macrotonal EDO. Of these, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 divide 12 and so are already available to anyone wishing to explore them. 5, 7 and 9 have arguably been used in various kinds of musical traditions in different parts of the world. The 13 EDOs of Xmas by Scott Thompson is a humorous demonstration of EDOs 1–13.

On the other hand, if you use the edo to tune a scale or regular temperament, the size of the edo does not matter so much (at least conceptually), as you don't need to use all of it. Some of the EDOs which can be used to tune various temperaments are listed on the optimal patent val page. Tuning a scale in just intonation by one of these EDOs can be regarded as automatically tempering it to the corresponding regular temperament.

To practically tune large edos through software tuning, one may take advantage of MIDI channels. See Tuning per channel.

All of these tools are also applicable to equal divisions of other (nonoctave) intervals as well.

See EDO vs ET.

## Individual pages for EDOs

### 0…99

 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

### 100…199

 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

### 200…299

(some pages do not exist yet)

 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299

### 300…499

300, 301, 305, 306, 311, 313, 316, 318, 320, 321, 323, 328, 329, 330, 333, 336, 338, 342, 346, 347, 350, 353, 354, 359, 360, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 373, 378, 380, 381, 383, 388, 389, 391, 400, 408, 410, 414, 415, 420, 422, 431, 436, 441, 446, 453, 456, 458, 460, 472, 473, 482, 487, 491, 494, 496

### 500…999

513, 524, 525, 532, 534, 539, 540, 559, 571, 576, 578, 581, 587, 612, 616, 618, 624, 638, 640, 643, 653, 665, 666, 684, 695, 703, 730, 742, 749, 764, 771, 814, 855, 873, 888, 901, 935, 940, 952, 954, 971, 988

### 10000 and up

The largest possible EDO in a given substance is defined through molecular physics such as mean free path and the speed of sound.

## The Scale Tree

The scale tree, or Stern-Brocot tree, provides a visual map of the world of EDOs, based on fifth size.

The regular EDOs, up to 72edo:

## Pergens

Pergens provide a JI-agnostic way to name the rank-2 scales of an EDO. This table lists every possible period/generator combination for EDOs 5-24, and for each coprime combination, the simplest pergen that it can represent. Non-coprime combinations such as P = 6\12, G = 4\12 are marked as "-".

EDO Period Generator in EDO steps
in EDO steps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
5 5 = P8 P4/2 P5
6 6 = P8 P4/2 -
3 = P8/2 P5
7 7 = P8 P4/3 P5/2 P5
8 8 = P8 P4/3 - P5
4 = P8/2 P5 -
9 9 = P8 P4/4 P4/2 - P5
3 = P8/3 P5
10 10 = P8 P4/4 - P5/2 -
5 = P8/2 P5 P4/2
11 11 = P8 P4/5 P5/3 P5/2 P11/4 P5
12 12 = P8 P4/5 - - - P5
6 = P8/2 P5 - -
4 = P8/3 P5 -
3 = P8/4 P5
13b 13 = P8 P4/6 P4/3 P4/2 P12/5 P12/4 P5
14 14 = P8 P4/6 - P4/2 - P11/4 -
7 = P8/2 P5 P4/3 P4/2
15 15 = P8 P4/6 P4/3 - P12/6 - - P11/3
5 = P8/3 P5 P4/2
3 = P8/5 P4/3
16 16 = P8 P4/7 - P5/3 - P12/5 - P5
8 = P8/2 P5 - P5/3 -
4 = P8/4 P5 -
17 17 = P8 P4/7 P5/5 P11/8 P11/6 P5/2 P11/4 P5 P11/3
18b 18 = P8 P4/8 - - - P5/2 - P12/4 -
9 = P8/2 P5 P4/4 - P4/2
6 = P8/3 P5/2 - -
3 = P8/6 P5
19 19 = P8 P4/8 P4/4 P11/9 P4/2 P12/6 P12/5 ccP5/7 P5 P11/3
20 20 = P8 P4/8 - P5/4 - - - P11/4 - c3P5/8
10 = P8/2 M2/4 - P5/4 - -
5 = P8/4 P4/2 P5
4 = P8/5 P5/4 -
21 21 = P8 P4/9 P5/6 - P5/3 P11/6 - - c3P4/9 - P11/3
7 = P8/3 P5/2 P5 P4/3
3 = P8/7 P5/3
22 22 = P8 P4/9 - P4/3 - P12/7 - P12/5 - P5 -
11 = P8/2 M2/4 P5 P4/3 P12/5 P12/7
23 23 = P8 P4/10 P4/5 P11/11 P12/9 P4/2 P12/6 ccP4/8 ccP4/7 P12/4 P5 P11/3
24 24 = P8 P4/10 - - - P4/2 - P5/2 - - - c4P5/10
12 = P8/2 M2/4 - - - P4/2
8 = P8/3 P5/2 - P4/2
6 = P8/4 P4/2 - -
4 = P8/6 P4/2 -
3 = P8/8 P5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11