Equal-step tunings

About this list

The table that follows is not a “best-of” roster but a modest snapshot of equal-step tunings that happen to score highly under a few specific mathematical lenses. In particular, it gathers:

  • Prominent peak counts from the classic Riemann zeta function
  • Prominent peaks after removing the prime 2 from the zeta product
  • Prominent peaks after removing the prime 3
  • Prominent peaks after simultaneously removing the primes 2 and 3
  • The α–β–γ family, with an equave sliding from 3/1 down to 4/3

These tunings earn the label “optimized” only relative to the limited set of zeta-derived functions explored here. In practice, you can make convincing music with any equal-step interval, every real-number step size repeated ad infinitum forms its own viable lattice. When you layer many differently pruned zeta functions in a tool such as Wolfram Mathematica, striking peaks emerge almost everywhere; the peaks simply shift as each combination of omitted primes reshapes the landscape. That ubiquity means there is no absolute “good” or “bad” equal-step tuning, only different alignments of primes that reveal different musical affordances.

Consequently, the list below is inherently biased toward a handful of functions and can only hint at the boundless diversity of xenharmonic equal-step systems. Treat it as a useful starting palette, not a definitive canon.

From the no-2 Riemann zeta: 39edt, 56edt, 69edt, 71edt, 75edt, 78edt, 82edt, 88edt, 99edt, 101edt, 105edt, 110edt, 131edt, 140edt, 144edt, 153edt, 170edt, 183edt, 185edt, 202edt, 209edt, 213edt, 215edt, 219edt, 245edt

From the no-2 no-3 Riemann zeta: 39ed5, 71ed5, 92ed5, 96ed5, 106ed5, 115ed5, 133ed5, 138ed5, 143ed5, 153ed5, 163ed5, 182ed5, 187ed5, 196ed5, 200ed5, 229ed5, 234ed5, 263ed5, 292ed5, 336ed5, 345ed5

Notable Local Maxima of the Riemann Zeta Function

Notable Local Maxima of the Riemann Zeta Function
Tuning Strength Closest EDO Integer limit
ZPI Steps per octave Cents Height Integral Gap EDO Octave Consistent Distinct
34zpi 12.0231830072926 99.8071807833375 5.193290 1.269599 15.899282 12edo 1197.68616940005 10 6
42zpi 13.9002525327005 86.3293668353859 4.592177 0.984037 14.097244 14edo 1208.61113569540 7 5
47zpi 15.0534898676781 79.7157343943591 5.050324 1.104057 14.918297 15edo 1195.73601591539 8 7
56zpi 17.0445886606675 70.4035764012981 5.056957 1.032175 14.269437 17edo 1196.86079882207 4 4
65zpi 18.9480867166984 63.3309324546460 5.980169 1.313799 16.699651 19edo 1203.28771663827 10 7
80zpi 22.0251467420146 54.4831784348982 6.062600 1.258178 16.213941 22edo 1198.62992556776 12 8
90zpi 24.0057421830853 49.9880399800983 5.721613 1.092055 14.821136 24edo 1199.71295952236 6 6
100zpi 25.9356996537225 46.2682717652372 5.545073 1.031155 14.793013 26edo 1202.97506589617 14 9
106zpi 27.0866140827635 44.3023257293579 6.069233 1.185939 16.215619 27edo 1196.16279469266 10 8
116zpi 28.9399661541990 41.4651487014917 5.566209 1.000619 14.904418 29edo 1202.48931234326 8 7
127zpi 30.9783816349790 38.7366910944446 7.003472 1.403777 17.739476 31edo 1200.83742392778 12 9
144zpi 34.0448410043159 35.2476312005063 6.685147 1.241437 16.236989 34edo 1198.41946081721 6 6
155zpi 35.9823877000425 33.3496490006021 6.027497 1.028887 14.706508 36edo 1200.58736402167 8 8
184zpi 40.9880783925993 29.2768055263764 7.570230 1.423937 17.722623 41edo 1200.34902658143 16 10
214zpi 46.0089748051542 26.0818678330031 7.495674 1.356067 17.747832 46edo 1199.76592031814 14 11
238zpi 49.9385162652878 24.0295485277387 6.655352 1.111229 15.942083 50edo 1201.47742638693 10 9
257zpi 52.9968291550147 22.6428640945673 8.249774 1.486620 18.069918 53edo 1200.07179701207 10 10
289zpi 58.0667185533159 20.6658827964969 7.814035 1.358357 18.056292 58edo 1198.62120219682 16 12
301zpi 59.9201656607655 20.0266469020418 7.046396 1.131000 15.932359 60edo 1201.59881412251 10 10
334zpi 65.0158450885860 18.4570391781413 7.813349 1.269821 16.514861 65edo 1199.70754657919 6 6
354zpi 68.0493056282519 17.6342725163943 7.666604 1.254592 17.034505 68edo 1199.13053111481 10 10
380zpi 71.9506065993786 16.6781081733140 9.157547 1.625363 19.964746 72edo 1200.82378847861 18 13
414zpi 76.9918536925042 15.5860645308353 8.194847 1.311364 17.029289 77edo 1200.12696887432 10 10
435zpi 80.0731374302484 14.9862992572924 7.873146 1.247325 17.087322 80edo 1198.90394058339 12 12
462zpi 83.9972142607288 14.2861880666087 8.020965 1.241945 16.733121 84edo 1200.03979759513 10 10
483zpi 87.0139255957575 13.7908960178956 8.869041 1.439474 18.061741 87edo 1199.80795355692 16 14
532zpi 93.9836761074943 12.7681747480009 8.806201 1.394050 17.832744 94edo 1200.20842631208 24 15
568zpi 99.0473345956631 12.1154194093028 9.406495 1.510412 18.536483 99edo 1199.42652152097 12 12
596zpi 102.936629522070 11.6576577800491 8.543510 1.340775 18.270998 103edo 1200.73875134506 15 15
655zpi 111.059577998833 10.8050113427643 9.038544 1.394739 18.041165 111edo 1199.35625904684 22 16
706zpi 117.969513574257 10.1721195895637 9.850823 1.544280 18.861062 118edo 1200.31011156852 12 12
796zpi 130.003910460506 9.23049157328654 10.355108 1.634018 19.594551 130edo 1199.96390452725 16 16
872zpi 139.990541024216 8.57200773152536 10.076688 1.548424 19.514765 140edo 1200.08108241355 10 10
965zpi 152.052848107925 7.89199291517551 10.468420 1.593855 19.487224 152edo 1199.58292310668 15 15
1114zpi 170.995891689006 7.01771246166817 11.076998 1.652856 19.091741 171edo 1200.02883094526 14 14

Notable Local Maxima of the Riemann Zeta Function after removing the prime 2 from the zeta product

Notable Local Maxima of the Riemann Zeta Function after removing the prime 3 from the zeta product

Tuning Strength Closest EDO No-3 Integer limit
No-3 ZPI analog Steps per octave Cents Height Integral Gap EDO Octave Consistent Distinct
no-3 51zpi analog 15.9698898591818 75.1414073973756 5.367776 0.953376 13.070433 16edo 1202.26251835801 26 8
no-3 75zpi analog 21.0437746046821 57.0239903507143 5.752828 0.956754 12.853639 21edo 1197.50379736500 17 10
no-3 95zpi analog 24.9596545948521 48.0775883912872 6.060198 0.954994 12.605015 25edo 1201.93970978218 14 11
no-3 111zpi analog 28.0369867749215 42.8006051304121 5.701943 0.838390 11.937782 28edo 1198.41694365154 16 8
no-3 149zpi analog 34.9357059709719 34.3488121006365 6.001080 0.875916 12.775820 35edo 1202.20842352228 14 11
no-3 161zpi analog 37.0117501336435 32.4221360964286 7.215934 1.160421 15.095854 37edo 1199.61903556786 22 16
no-3 196zpi analog 43.0546167485686 27.8715754690789 6.495142 1.018487 15.545919 43edo 1198.47774517039 22 19
no-3 220zpi analog 47.0058691719873 25.5287269683150 6.758393 0.939366 13.012654 47edo 1199.85016751081 10 10
no-3 251zpi analog 52.0433965143593 23.0576803277801 6.442846 0.856289 12.619985 52edo 1198.99937704456 11 11
no-3 276zpi analog 55.9872265526305 21.4334603424577 6.932381 1.003267 14.804703 56edo 1200.27377917763 20 19
no-3 340zpi analog 65.9172827630736 18.2046338941664 7.029648 0.948492 13.998526 66edo 1201.50583701498 16 16
no-3 394zpi analog 74.0597618189548 16.2031306950932 7.464214 1.007842 14.386154 74edo 1199.03167143690 16 16
no-3 421zpi analog 78.0110209886063 15.3824419267024 7.592394 1.008960 14.204322 78edo 1199.83047028279 17 16
no-3 525zpi analog 93.0076810773635 12.9021601882735 8.466134 1.133255 15.018535 93edo 1199.90089750944 35 19
no-3 640zpi analog 108.976082315502 11.0115905665045 8.633826 1.182085 16.319873 109edo 1200.26337174899 16 16
no-3 751zpi analog 124.014367753602 9.67629817203298 9.498846 1.276085 16.564895 124edo 1199.86097333209 28 26

Notable Local Maxima of the Riemann Zeta Function after removing the primes 2 and 3 from the zeta product

Tuning Strength Closest ED5 No-2 No-3 Integer limit
No-2 No-3 ZPI analog Steps per octave Cents Height Integral Gap ED5 Pentave Consistent Distinct
no-2 no-3 55zpi analog 16.7630030425585 71.5862185882446 3.480299 0.477759 9.649416 39ed5 2791.86252494154 13 13
no-2 no-3 125zpi analog 30.5974484926723 39.2189564527704 3.769318 0.448541 9.828199 71ed5 2784.54590814670 19 19
no-2 no-3 176zpi analog 39.5828667040955 30.3161468564337 3.603524 0.421674 10.452207 92ed5 2789.08551079190 11 11
no-2 no-3 186zpi analog 41.3477989230936 29.0221010852836 4.469823 0.556068 11.567493 96ed5 2786.12170418722 35 23
no-2 no-3 212zpi analog 45.6783815054539 26.2706330752267 3.818225 0.433470 10.611042 106ed5 2784.68710597403 13 13
no-2 no-3 235zpi analog 49.4631517377883 24.2604839732289 3.853032 0.428042 10.508697 115ed5 2789.95565692132 25 25
no-2 no-3 284zpi analog 57.2705618247184 20.9531731794898 3.913350 0.465932 11.922515 133ed5 2786.77203287214 17 17
no-2 no-3 298zpi analog 59.4923782274424 20.1706510271339 4.083075 0.465782 11.463643 138ed5 2783.54984174448 23 23
no-2 no-3 312zpi analog 61.6047959566046 19.4790029147292 4.416896 0.501431 11.339301 143ed5 2785.49741680628 25 23
no-2 no-3 340zpi analog 65.8904943328257 18.2120351676004 4.092923 0.526694 13.998526 153ed5 2786.44138064287 13 13
no-2 no-3 368zpi analog 70.2158409653819 17.0901606176251 4.382540 0.518334 12.481351 163ed5 2785.69618067290 19 19
no-2 no-3 423zpi analog 78.3601842342727 15.3138996765548 4.270381 0.502072 12.963711 182ed5 2787.12974113297 19 19
no-2 no-3 438zpi analog 80.4944089071946 14.9078677176639 4.243838 0.450422 11.371118 187ed5 2787.77126320314 7 7
no-2 no-3 465zpi analog 84.4075187897342 14.2167429774745 4.301350 0.486089 12.332303 196ed5 2786.48162358500 17 17
no-2 no-3 477zpi analog 86.1814871554687 13.9241041157161 4.459348 0.505570 12.446285 200ed5 2784.82082314323 25 25
no-2 no-3 565zpi analog 98.6257548378926 12.1672072570942 4.883729 0.545550 12.639964 229ed5 2786.29046187457 29 29
no-2 no-3 581zpi analog 100.797128599965 11.9051010347969 4.579796 0.536282 13.693791 234ed5 2785.79364214247 25 25
no-2 no-3 671zpi analog 113.256639862217 10.5954052800778 5.104294 0.563708 12.937931 263ed5 2786.59158866045 19 19
no-2 no-3 764zpi analog 125.745930952370 9.54305233506547 5.001815 0.548008 12.976730 292ed5 2786.57128183912 37 37
no-2 no-3 905zpi analog 144.300058486204 8.31600494545005 5.030210 0.539592 13.254432 335ed5 2785.86165672577 43 41
no-2 no-3 938zpi analog 148.561761173834 8.07744866861039 5.510552 0.600083 13.846076 345ed5 2786.71979067058 25 25

The α–β–γ family

α–β–γ family
Optimization Equal division of a ratio
Proposed name Steps per octave Cents Optimization method
Alpha 3/1 1.90739592696007 629.130000247254 Dave Benson 3ed3/1
Beta 3/1 3.14186231690763 381.939079106782 Dave Benson 5ed3/1
Alpha 2/1 5.00991270509077 239.525131601721 Dave Benson 5ed2/1
Gamma 3/1 5.04255621376059 237.974540913462 Dave Benson 8ed3/1
Beta 2/1 6.99104980248710 171.648040552235 Dave Benson 7ed2/1
Alpha 5/3 9.50583353877785 126.238272015258 Dave Benson 7ed5/3
Gamma 2/1 11.9978480914311 100.017935787756 Dave Benson 12ed2/1
Beta 5/3 12.2053823008782 98.3172808862904 Dave Benson 9ed5/3
Alpha 3/2 15.3915238996928 77.9649895501219 Dave Benson 9ed3/2
Beta 3/2 18.7990736394111 63.8329325698408 Dave Benson 11ed3/2
Gamma 5/3 21.7094399215509 55.2754932571412 Dave Benson 16ed5/3
Alpha 7/5 22.6653911133366 52.9441558718088 Dave Benson 11ed7/5
Beta 7/5 26.7758951088566 44.8164289231577 Dave Benson 13ed7/5
Alpha 4/3 31.3266790320926 38.3060074376432 Dave Benson 13ed4/3
Gamma 3/2 34.1894540921914 35.0985422804417 Dave Benson 20ed3/2
Beta 4/3 36.1372975038827 33.2066890135065 Dave Benson 15ed4/3
Gamma 7/5 49.4404896216012 24.2716042900130 Dave Benson 24ed7/5
Gamma 4/3 67.4633901646646 17.7874251067289 Dave Benson 28ed4/3

Unequal-step tunings

Unequal-step tunings from equal divisions of a ratio

Tuning Period Mode Why it matters
Stretched hemififth 94\93<2/1> 16 11 16 12 16 11 12
833 Cent Acoustic Golden Scale [11] 25\36<2/1> 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3
833 Cent Logarithmic Golden Scale [8] ϕ ϕ 1 ϕ ϕ 1 ϕ 1 ϕ