13edo scales

Since 13 is prime, 13edo has more MOS scale types than 12edo; somewhat amazingly, all of them have a good number of consonant chords if you know where to look.

Overview

The intervals themselves are not very alien except near the middle of the octave, just a bit darker compared to their 12edo counterparts. They are familiar enough that they can be given pseudo-diatonic names:

Degree	Cents	Pseudo-Diatonic Category
0	0.00	Unison (P1)
1	92.31	Minor second (m2)
2	184.62	Major second (M2)
3	276.92	Minor third (m3)
4	369.23	Major third (M3), Diminished fourth (d4)
5	461.54	Minor fourth (m4)
6	553.85	Major fourth (M4), Minor tritone (mᴛ)
7	646.15	Minor fifth (m5), Major tritone (Mᴛ)
8	738.46	Major fifth (M5)
9	830.77	Minor sixth (m6), Augmented fifth (A5)
10	923.08	Major sixth (M6)
11	1015.38	Minor seventh (m7)
12	1107.69	Major seventh (M7)
13	1200.00	Octave (P8)

My (Inthar's) subjective perception of the relative consonance of different intervals from the most consonant to the most dissonant (octave equivalents are not taken into account):

• Basals (the most consonant): major second, major and minor thirds
• Glitterers (intermediate, buzzy consonance): major and minor fourths, major and minor sixths, major and minor sevenths, minor ninth
• Flarers (the most dissonant): minor and major fifths, the most dissonant and categorically ambiguous intervals.

Cheat sheet of important MOS scale types with 9 notes or fewer:

MOS type	Generator	Most common consonant triad	Most common consonant tetrad(s)
archeotonic (2222221)	major second (2\13)	4:5:9	4:5:9:11, 4:5:9:13
Father pentatonic (32323)	minor fourth (5\13)
oneirotonic (21221221)	minor fourth (5\13)	4:9:21. Also important: 4:5:9 and its minor counterpart 0-3-15.	Basic triads with added 6ths and 7ths
Lovecraft nonatonic (212121211)	minor third (3\13)	4:11:13	4:9:11:13
Sephiroth decatonic (1313131)	major third (4\13)	4:5:13	4:5:13:21

Archaeotonic (6L 1s)

The archaeotonic scale is one of the two pseudo-diatonic scale types in 13edo. It is overall brighter, more "majory" and more concordant than the oneirotonic scale: there are more 4:5:9 chords and chords involving the 11th and 13th harmonics.

Being a 7-note scale, the unison to octave interval categories remain the same as in the diatonic scale, except that we now have major fourths (6\13, approx. 11/8) and minor fourths (5\13, approx. 21/16), and their inversions minor and major fifths. An interesting feature is that you can switch whether you perceive an interval as minor or major by approaching it from opposite directions: for example, a minor sixth can be made to sound like a diatonic major sixth by walking up whole-whole-half-whole-whole steps from the tonic or like a diatonic minor sixth by walking down two whole steps.

Scale

Sortable table of intervals in the Lobonian mode. (Harmonics are in bold; this is useful for seeing a chord's complexity when you sort the intervals according to the generator chain.)

Degree	Cents	Note name on J	Approximate ratios	#Gens up
1, 8	0.00, 1200.00	J	1/1, 2/1	0
2	184.62	K	9/8, 10/9, 11/10, 19/17, 21/19	+1
3	369.23	L	5/4, 11/9, 16/13, 26/21	+2
4	553.85	M#	11/8, 18/13, 26/19	+3
5	738.46	Ob	17/11, 20/13, 26/17, 32/21	+4
6	923.08	Pb	8/5, 13/8, 18/11, 21/13	-2
7	1015.38	Qb	9/5, 16/9, 20/11, 34/19, 38/21	-1

Chords

The root-major third-major ninth (approximating 4:5:9; J-L-K in Kentaku notation) and its minor equivalent root-minor third-major ninth (J-Lb-K in Kentaku notation) may be considered equivalents of root-third-fifth chords in diatonic music. Archeotonic scales have 6 such triads, 5 "major" and 1 "minor". The 11th and 13th harmonics are also plentiful, as already noted by Cryptic Ruse; 4 roots have the 11th harmonic over them and 5 roots have the 13th harmonic over them.

The chord spelled root-major third-major fourth-minor sixth in archeotonic nomenclature occurs twice in archeotonic. It can be interpreted both as an 8:10:11:13 and as a 13:16:18:21 (which can be revoiced as 8:9:13:21), thanks to the way 13edo conflates higher-limit JI intervals together.

Archeotonic offers fairly familiar-sounding chord progressions by major seconds, thirds, and (both major and minor) fourths. One example is root-major third-two major thirds-root (spelled J major - L major - N# major - J major in J Ryonian), where the (two major thirds) is a 21/16 minor fourth away from the root.

Modal harmony

The 7 archeotonic modes each sound like one part of the scale (the part with the unique small step) is diatonic and thus can evoke various modes of the diatonic scale. The modal harmony of the unmodified archeotonic scales is otherwise simpler than diatonic modal harmony due to the dearth of small steps. To get more complex modal harmony, you could contrast major and minor intervals of the same interval class by playing the same melody in a different mode (like you can do in porcupine), and you could make 12edo-like chromatic modifications to spice things up.

Oneirotonic (5L 3s)

Main article: 5L 3s

Oneirotonic Scale - Dylathian in L.svg

13edo-fretboard-template.svg

Switching between archeo- and oneirotonic

Pseudo-diatonic music in 13edo can easily use both archeotonic and oneirotonic, switching back and forth between a 7-note mode and a corresponding 8-note one as the situation requires.

Twin modes

The most obvious way to do this is to exploit the fact that an oneirotonic mode and an archeotonic mode based on the same tonic may share up to 6 notes; replace the "1 2 1" in the oneirotonic mode with a "2 2". Six of the 8 oneirotonic modes have a "twin" archeotonic mode that keeps the same tonic, listed below from brightest to darkest:

Oneiro-Archeo Twin Modes

Oneirotonic	↔	Archeotonic
Dylathian 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1	↔	Oukranian 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
Illarnekian 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1	↔	Ryonian 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Ultharian 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2	↔	Tamashian 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
Mnarian 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2	↔	Karakalian 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
Hlanithian 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2	↔	Zo-Kalarian 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sarnathian 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2	↔	Lobonian 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

This operation might change the mood of the scale drastically. For example, Mnarian, a "minor" mode, becomes Karakalian, a "major" mode.

Nonatonic (4L 5s)

Generated by 3\13, the 276.9-cent minor third approximating 13/11, this scale sounds a little like the octatonic scale in 12edo with an extra small step inserted. Two of these make an 11/8 and three make a 13/8, making this scale very good for 4:11:13 triads. (In terms of regular temperament theory, this makes 13edo a tuning for the bithotrilu temperament that tempers out the bithotrilu comma 1352/1331 = [3 0 0 0 -3 2⟩, aka "lovecraft temperament".) 17edo also supports bithotrilu temperament and thus has a similar 4L 5s scale, generated by the 4\17 minor third. Similar scales also exist in 22edo and 31edo with flatter generators, but they use a different temperament and won't approximate the 13th harmonic.

Scale

The brightest mode is LsLsLsLss or 0-2-3-5-6-8-9-11-12-13. The triad 4:11:13 occurs on degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9; these can be extended to either 4:10:11:13:17, 4:9:11:13:21, or 4:5:9:11:13 depending on what degree you're on. Since you get 21/16 as the minor version of 11/8, you also get two 8:13:17:21's with the same interval classes, on degrees 6 and 8. Degree 4 has a 4:5:11.

Sortable table of LsLsLsLss (Harmonics are in bold; this is useful for seeing a chord's complexity when you sort the intervals according to the generator chain.):

Degree	Cents	Note name on J	Approximate ratios	# generators up
1, 10	0.00, 1200.00	J	1/1, 2/1	0
2	184.62	K	9/8, 10/9, 11/10, 19/17, 21/19	+5
3	276.92	Lb	7/6, 13/11, 20/17, 19/16, 22/19	+1
4	461.54	M	13/10, 17/13, 21/16, 22/17	+6
5	553.85	M#/Nb	11/8, 18/13, 26/19	+2
6	738.46	N#/Ob	17/11, 20/13, 26/17, 32/21	+7
7	830.77	O	8/5, 13/8, 18/11, 21/13	+3
8	1015.38	P#	9/5, 16/9, 20/11, 34/19, 38/21	+8
9	1107.69	Q	17/9, 19/10, 21/11, 32/17, 36/19, 40/21	+4

Modal harmony

The nonatonic scale can be thought of as a (chromatically altered) octatonic scale with one note added.

The 6-generators-up mode 0-2-3-5-6-7-9-10-12-13 contains an octatonic MODMOS 0-2-3-5-7-9-10-12-13 (Celephaïsian with a sharpened 6th degree).

Musical examples

Brusselator Sprouts (by Xotla) (The main riffs are in this scale, although key changes and notes outside the 9 note subset are used too.)

Sephiroth heptatonic (3L 4s)

The symmetric 1313131 mode:

Degree	Cents	Note name on J	Approximate ratios	#Gens up
1, 8	0.00, 1200.00	J	1/1, 2/1	0
2	92.31	Kb	17/16, 18/17, 19/18, 20/19, 21/20, 22/21	+1
3	369.23	L	5/4, 11/9, 16/13, 26/21	+2
4	461.54	M	13/10, 17/13, 21/16, 22/17	+3
5	738.46	Ob	17/11, 20/13, 26/17, 32/21	+4
6	830.77	Pb	8/5, 13/8, 18/11, 21/13	-2
7	1107.69	Q	17/9, 19/10, 21/11, 32/17, 36/19, 40/21	-1