Overtone scale

This article focuses on a systematic approach to building overtone scales (modes of the harmonic series), with attention paid to the different kinds of relationships available depending on the starting pitch, or tonic notes.

It is not concerned with "purity", "consonance", "naturalness" or avoidance of "dissonance". Here, what might be called dissonant is instead called complex, and the reader is encouraged to explore the sounds of harmonic ratios ranging from the simplest to the most complex. This does not mean that the more complex intervals can be treated exactly the same way as the simpler ones, but that different levels of complexity can be valuable to explore in a tuning system. The usefulness of all this is left to each composer to determine through experimentation.

Modes of the harmonic series

One way of using the harmonic series to generate scalar material is to take an octave-long subset of the series and make it repeat at the octave. So for instance, starting at the fifth harmonic and continuing up the sequence to the tenth harmonic (which is a doubling of five, and thus an octave higher) produces a pentatonic scale:

Harmonic	5	6	7	8	9	10
JI ratio	1/1	6/5	7/5	8/5	9/5	2/1

Another way to write this would be 5:6:7:8:9:10, which shows that the tones form both a scale and a chord; indeed, it is a 9-odd-limit pentad with 5 in the bass. Denny Genovese would call the above scale "Mode 5 of the Harmonic Series," or "Mode 5" for short. Further examples will be given with a mode number indicated.

A mode in other musical contexts is usually a different rotation of the same intervals. In the case of different harmonic modes, that is not exactly the case. However, in some sense it is a reasonable comparison, because as you slide the subset of harmonics around, you are essentially sampling different segments of integers whose prime factorizations follow simple, constant patterns (every 2nd number has a 2, every 3rd number has a 3, every 5th number has a 5) and therefore the full internal interval set (all dyads, triads, tetrads, etc.) from one mode to the next is more alike than it is different.

Any Mode of the Harmonic Series has the characteristic of containing all superparticular steps ("superparticular" refers to ratios of the form n/(n - 1)) that are decreasing in pitch size as one ascends the scale). So for Mode 5 above we have:

Steps	6:5	7:6	8:7	9:8	10:9
Common name	just minor third	septimal subminor third	septimal supermajor second	large major second	small major second

Over-n scales

Another way to describe Mode 5 is that it is an example of an "Over-5 Scale". As 5 is octave-redundant with 10, 20, 40, 80, etc., any scale with one of those (the form is technically 2ⁿ × 5, where n is any integer greater than or equal to zero) in the denominator of every tone could be called an Over-5 Scale. So let us consider Mode 10 – 10:11:12:13:14:15:16:17:18:19:20 –

Harmonic	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
JI ratio	1/1	11/10	6/5	13/10	7/5	3/2	8/5	17/10	9/5	19/10	2/1

Notice that the 15th harmonic is a 3/2 above 10. Although this may look like it breaks the Over-5 rule, it is just a reduced form of 15/10, which has a number of the form 2ⁿ × 5 in the denominator. 10 may be too many notes for a particular purpose; we could take a subset of Mode 10 – for instance 10:11:13:15:17:20, and it would also be an Over-5 scale. Below are some of the simplest Over-n scales as Modes of the Harmonic Series. All of them are ripe for the taking of subsets.

Over-1 scales

Mode 1: 1:2 – only one tone.

Mode 2 scale

Mode 2: 2:3:4 – one tone and perfect fifth (plus octaves). Rather limited.

Mode 4 scale

Mode 4: 4:5:6:7:8 – this is the classic 7-limit tetrad. In music, it appears as a chord more often than a scale, but it could be used either way. It includes the classic major triad, 4:5:6, with a harmonic seventh. Another triad available here over the bass is 4:6:7, which includes a perfect fifth and a harmonic seventh, but no major third.

Mode 8: 8:9:10:11:12:13:14:15:16

Mode 8: 8:9:10:11:12:13:14:15:16 – an eight-tone scale, or a 13-limit octad. This is a very effective scale, with complexity ranging from the simple 4:5:6 major triad above (or even a 2:3:4 open fifth chord) to chords involving 13 and 11 such as the wild 9:11:13:15 tetrad. Dante Rosati calls it the "Diatonic Harmonic Series Scale" and has refretted a guitar to play it. See: First Five Octaves of the Harmonic Series and otones8-16.

Mode 16: 16:17:18:19:20:21:22:23:24:25:26:27:28:29:30:31:32 – Dante calls this the "Chromatic Harmonic Series Scale". It includes a 19-limit minor chord, 16:19:24, in addition the the classic major. Incorporating harmonics through the 31st, a great variety in complexity is possible. As 16 is a lot of tones to use at once, this is a good scale for making modal subsets of. Andrew Heathwaite recommends his heptatonic "remem" scale – 16:17:18:21:24:26:28:32 – or his extended nonatonic "remem" scale which adds 19 and 23 – 16:17:18:19:21:23:24:26:28:32.

Over-1 scales have a very strong attraction to their tonic, which is the fundamental of the series. Other Over-n scales may have more complex relationships to their tonics, which are not fundamentals. Indeed, when taking subsets, the fundamental may not even be present.

Over-3 scales

Mode 3 scale

Mode 3: 3:4:5:6 – a major triad in 2nd inversion – that is, with the perfect fifth in the bass.

Mode 6 scale

Mode 6: 6:7:8:9:10:11:12 – an effective 6-tone scale. 9 is 3/2 above 3, so there is a perfect fifth above the bass. A septimal subminor triad – 6:7:9 – is available, as well as an undecimal 6:7:9:11 tetrad, which adds a neutral seventh of 11/6 to the septimal subminor triad. Try also 6:9:11, which contains a perfect fifth and 11/6 neutral seventh, but no third above the bass.

Mode 12: 12:13:14:15:16:17:18:19:20:21:22:23:24 – as this scale has 12 tones, it fits nicely onto a traditional keyboard instrument, such as piano, melodica, organ, accordion, etc. It allows a 4:5:6:7 septimal tetrad above the bass (a reduced form of 12:15:18:21) as well as the subminor triad and undecimal tetrad given available in Mode 6. The fundamental is 4/3 above the bass, making 4/3 a strong attractor in the system. Andrew Heathwaite has composed with a 12:13:14:16:18:20:22:24 subset, and Jacob Barton retuned an electric organ to this scale. See otones12-24.

Mode 24: 24:25:26:27:28:29:30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:40:41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48 – a great variety available here, with 47 as the highest prime. Added to the classic major and septimal subminor triads, we have a 29-limit supraminor triad – 24:29:36 and 31-limit supermajor triad – 24:31:36. Andrew Heathwaite has refretted a mountain dulcimer to this scale (and has plans to refret more instruments to match). There are 3/2 perfect fifths available from 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, allowing the possibility of making Over-n scales that start on any of those pitches.

Over-5 scales

Mode 5: 5:6:7:8:9:10

Mode 5: 5:6:7:8:9:10 – This is essentially a 7-limit fully-diminished seventh chord. 7/5 makes a very nice tritone above the bass – the simplest one available in JI – and it is available in all the higher Over-5 modes as well. This is the scale used by the Wagogo people of Tanzania.

Mode 10 scale

Mode 10: 10:11:12:13:14:15:16:17:18:19:20 – from 10 to 15 is a 3/2 perfect fifth. We have access to a 10:12:15 classic minor triad, as well as a number of other nice chords like the 10:13:15 barbados triad. 11/10 makes a strange second (or ninth), while 9/5 makes a very nice minor seventh (and an alternative to the 7/4 bluesy seventh of Over-1 scales and 11/6 neutral seventh of Over-3 scales.

Mode 20: 20:21:22:23:24:25:26:27:28:29:30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:40 – this has a lot of variety as it great for making subsets. In addition to the chords above, there is a 4:5:6:7 tetrad on 20:25:30:35. There is also a 23-limit inframinor triad on 20:23:30 and a variety of sevenths.

Over-7 scales

Mode 7: 7:8:9:10:11:12:13:14

Mode 7: 7:8:9:10:11:12:13:14 – with no 3/2 perfect fifth, it may be difficult to make 7 sound like tonic here.

Mode 14: 14:15:16:17:18:19:20:21:22:23:24:25:26:27:28 – 21 is 3/2 above 14, so we can get some root-3rd-P5 triads, such as 14:18:21, a septimal supermajor triad, which also sounds good with 27/14 – a supermajor seventh; 14:17:21, a septendecimal (17-limit) supraminor triad, which works well with a 13/7 low major seventh. 19/14 is notable here as a wide and complex perfect fourth.

Over-9 scales

Mode 9 scale

Mode 9: 9:10:11:12:13:14:15:16:17:18 – again, lacking a 3/2 above the bass, it is hard to make 9 sound like tonic.

Ptolemy gave the 9:10:11:12 tuning of the tetrachord, calling it διάτονον ὁμᾰλόν (diatonon homalon, "equal/even diatonic") and describing it as "foreign" or "rustic"; the 12/11 neutral second is common in Southwest Asian music.

Mode 18: 18:19:20:21:22:23:24:25:26:27:28:29:30:31:32:33:34:35:36 – now we have 27, a 3/2 above with bass, which allows 18:22:27:33, an undecimal neutral seventh chord; and 18:23:27, a 23-limit supermajor triad (close to 17edo). It is also worth noting that the entirety of Mode 6 is available here starting on 18 – 18:21:24:27:30:33:36.

Over-11 scales

Mode 11 scale

Mode 11: 11:12:13:14:15:16:17:18:19:20:21:22

Mode 22: 22:23:24:25:26:27:28:29:30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:40:41:42:43:44 – with 33, we have a perfect fifth above the bass and can make such root-3rd-P5 triads as 22:26:33, a middle "Gothic" tridecimal minor triad; 22:27:33, an undecimal neutral triad; 22:28:23, a "Gothic" undecimal supermajor triad. The sevenths are all complex, ranging from an interseptimal 19/11; to a neutral seventh 20/11 (close to that of 22edo); to a wide major seventh at 21/11.

Over-13 scales

Mode 13: 13:14:15:16:17:18:19:20:21:22:23:24:25:26

Mode 26: 26:27:28:29:30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:40:41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48:49:50:51:52 – 39/26 is a 3/2 perfect fifth. Root-3rd-P5 chords include the tridecimal inframinor 26:30:39; a 31-limit minor triad at 26:31:39 (oddly normal-sounding on its own); a tridecimal neutral triad at 26:32:39; and a wide tridecimal major at 26:33:39. As odd harmonics go up to 51, a great variety is possible here.

Over-15 scales

Mode 15: 15:16:17:18:19:20:21:22:23:24:25:26:27:28:29:30

Mode 30: 30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:40:41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48:49:50:51:52:53:54:55:56:57:58:59:60

Mode 30 in particular is interesting because 30 is the product of the first three primes, so it is a fairly good choice if we want a tonic that is not a power of two. It contains modes 6 and 10 as subsets. We have the classic minor triad (from 10), the subminor triad (from 6), two major triads in 30:37:45 and 30:38:45, and the Barbados triad of 30:39:45. Chords not based on the tonic include the harmonic seventh chord (32:40:48:56). A good 13-limit subset with 16 notes in it is 30:32:33:35:36:39:40:42:44:45:48:49:50:54:55:56:60.

Primodality

Primodality is a compositional, theoretical and philosophical framework built around the use of large prime modes of the harmonic series. It has its own article, because it is too extensive to do justice here.

Solfege systems

Andrew Heathwaite proposes a solfege system for harmonics 16–32 (Mode 16):

Harmonic	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32
JI ratio	1/1	17/16	9/8	19/16	5/4	21/16	11/8	23/16	3/2	25/16	13/8	27/16	7/4	29/16	15/8	31/16	2/1
Solfege	do	ra	re	me	mi	fe	fu	su	sol	le	lu	la	ta	tu	ti	da	do

Thus, the pentatonic scale in the example at the top (Mode 5) could be sung: mi sol ta do re mi

Kite Giedraitis proposes a solfege for harmonics 16–32 based on his uniform solfeges. This solfege is easy to remember because there is a uniform vowel sequence for each degree: -o (-i) -a. These vowels stand for down, mid and plain.

Harmonic	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32
JI ratio	1/1	17/16	9/8	19/16	5/4	21/16	11/8	23/16	3/2	25/16	13/8	27/16	7/4	29/16	15/8	31/16	2/1
Solfege	da	ro	ra	mo	ma	fo	fa	so	sa	lo	li	la	to	ti	ta	do	da

Eight scales

Here are eight simple otonal scales.

Harmonic series scales using Andrew's solfege
		5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
Mode 5	5-note	mi	sol	ta	do	re	mi
Mode 6	6-note		sol	ta	do	re	mi	fu	sol
Mode 7	7-note			ta	do	re	mi	fu	sol	lu	ta
Mode 8	8-note				do	re	mi	fu	sol	lu	ta	ti	do
Mode 9	9-note					re	mi	fu	sol	lu	ta	ti	do	ra	re
Mode 10	10-note						mi	fu	sol	lu	ta	ti	do	ra	re	me	mi
Mode 11	11-note							fu	sol	lu	ta	ti	do	ra	re	me	mi	fe	fu
Mode 12	12-note								sol	lu	ta	ti	do	ra	re	me	mi	fe	fu	su	sol

Harmonic series scales using Kite's solfege
		5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
Mode 5	5-note	ma	sa	to	da	ra	ma
Mode 6	6-note		sa	to	da	ra	ma	fa	sa
Mode 7	7-note			to	da	ra	ma	fa	sa	li	to
Mode 8	8-note				da	ra	ma	fa	sa	li	to	ta	da
Mode 9	9-note					ra	ma	fa	sa	li	to	ta	da	ro	ra
Mode 10	10-note						ma	fa	sa	li	to	ta	da	ro	ra	mo	ma
Mode 11	11-note							fa	sa	li	to	ta	da	ro	ra	mo	ma	fo	fa
Mode 12	12-note								sa	li	to	ta	da	ro	ra	mo	ma	fo	fa	so	sa

Next steps

Here are some next steps:

Go beyond the 24th harmonic (eg. harmonics 16-32 or higher).
Experiment with using different pitches as the "tonic" of the scale (eg. sol lu ta do re mi fu sol, which could be taken as the 7-note scale starting on sol).
Take subsets of larger scales, which are not strict adjacent overtone scales (eg. do re fe sol ta do).
Learn the inversions of these scales, which would be undertone scales. (Undertone scales would have smaller steps at the bottom of the scale, which would get larger as one ascends.)
Borrow overtones & undertones from the overtones & undertones of the fundamental -- this process can produce rich fields of interlocking harmonic series, and is often the sort of thing that composers do when they're composing in just intonation. Harry Partch's "Monophonic Fabric," which consists of 43 unequal tones per octave, is one famous example.