Middle-Eastern music: Difference between revisions
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Along with the [[Indian]] tradition, the music of the Middle and Near East (Arabic, Turkish, and Persian) is one of the important microtonal music traditions. | Along with the [[Indian]] tradition, the music of the Middle and Near East (Arabic, Turkish, and Persian) is one of the important microtonal music traditions. | ||
A central concept is "maqam" (pl. maqamat), which corresponds somewhat (but not exactly) to the Western "mode". An introduction to maqam theory can be found on [http://www.maqamworld.com/ http://www.maqamworld.com]. The Arabic maqam and Turkish makam systems differ to some degree from the related Persian system of [ | A central concept is "maqam" (pl. maqamat), which corresponds somewhat (but not exactly) to the Western "mode". An introduction to maqam theory can be found on [http://www.maqamworld.com/ http://www.maqamworld.com]. The Arabic maqam and Turkish makam systems differ to some degree from the related Persian system of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastgah dastgah]. | ||
The use of microtones in these systems can be extremely subtle, as is demonstrated in a [ | The use of microtones in these systems can be extremely subtle, as is demonstrated in a [https://shumays.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=177745 podcast] by Arabic violin player [[Sami Abu Shumays]]: by his count, there could be 12 different notes within a half step. | ||
== Maqamat in equal temperaments == | == Maqamat in equal temperaments == | ||
There have been various endeavors, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a [ | There have been various endeavors, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a [https://www.academia.edu/2351299/Search_For_A_Theoretical_Model_Conforming_To_Turkish_Maqam_Music_Practice_A_Selection_Of_Fixed-Pitch_Settings_From_34-tone_Equal_Temperament_To_The_ paper by Ozan Yarman]. However, none of these have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in Western music). Given the subtleties sketched in the above mentioned podcast, this task is certainly nontrivial, if not finally impossible. | ||
Depending on the accurateness that is wanted, we can distinguish different levels. | Depending on the accurateness that is wanted, we can distinguish different levels. | ||
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* Additionally, at least one type of neutral second and neutral third is necessary. | * Additionally, at least one type of neutral second and neutral third is necessary. | ||
The smallest EDOs that fulfill these conditions are [[17edo]] and [[24edo]], which are indeed both used for maqam music. Especially 24edo has found a certain dissemination. | The smallest EDOs that fulfill these conditions are [[17edo]] and [[24edo]], which are indeed both used for maqam music. Especially 24edo has found a certain dissemination. In addition, 24edo's usage is amplified by the fact that it is a small multiple of [[12edo]], which makes it easy to produce instruments with a Western reference frame. | ||
The [[maqamic]] temperament reflects this concept in the framework of [[regular temperaments]]. Maqamic temperament can be realized in any equal temperament that [[support]]s 2.3.5.11 maqamic, including 17c (the important non-patent val for [[17edo]]), [[24edo]], [[31edo]], and [[55edo]]. | The [[maqamic]] temperament reflects this concept in the framework of [[regular temperaments]]. Maqamic temperament can be realized in any equal temperament that [[support]]s 2.3.5.11 maqamic, including 17c (the important non-patent val for [[17edo]]), [[24edo]], [[31edo]], and [[55edo]]. | ||
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Even [[53edo]] and [[72edo]] , although already containing much more pitches than many westerners can imagine, do not cover all details. For these. there are some other, still larger subdivisions that have been investigated. | Even [[53edo]] and [[72edo]] , although already containing much more pitches than many westerners can imagine, do not cover all details. For these. there are some other, still larger subdivisions that have been investigated. | ||
A system that meets the tuning needs to a satisfactory degree is proposed in [http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/doctorate_thesis.pdf Ozan Yarman's dissertation] (also summarized in the mentioned [ | A system that meets the tuning needs to a satisfactory degree is proposed in [http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/doctorate_thesis.pdf Ozan Yarman's dissertation] (also summarized in the mentioned [https://www.academia.edu/2351299/Search_For_A_Theoretical_Model_Conforming_To_Turkish_Maqam_Music_Practice_A_Selection_Of_Fixed-Pitch_Settings_From_34-tone_Equal_Temperament_To_The_ paper] ): a 79-tone [[MOSScales|MOS]] subset of [[159edo]]. A short description (quoting a post to the tuning list) is also in [[79MOS 159edo]]. | ||
[[Tsaharuk]], as proposed by [[Jacques Dudon]], can be realized in [[77edo]], [[94edo]], [[111edo]], [[128edo]], [[145edo]], [[171edo]], [[359edo]]. | [[Tsaharuk]], as proposed by [[Jacques Dudon]], can be realized in [[77edo]], [[94edo]], [[111edo]], [[128edo]], [[145edo]], [[171edo]], [[359edo]]. | ||