Introductory examples in Sagittal notation

This page lists a few elementary examples that hopefully shed some light on the philosophy (and the pitfalls!) of Sagittal notation. For a detailed introduction into Sagittal notation, see the document Sagittal.pdf on Sagittal's main website, which is the latest version of the original article which introduced Sagittal to the world, that was published in Xenharmonikôn in 2006.

Just intonation: notating a harmonic scale

As the introduction to Sagittal.pdf says, Sagittal notation uses a conventional staff on which the natural notes are in a single series of fifths, i.e, in the case of just intonation, in Pythagorean tuning. The meaning of conventional sharps and flats is Pythagorean as well, i.e. they stand for raising the corresponding note by a Pythagorean chromatic semitone (apotome), a "large" semitone 113.7 cents in size.

For the notation of notes in higher limits, additional symbols are introduced. The intervals these symbols stand for are mostly commas - the maybe most elementary example is the syntonic comma (ratio 81/80, 21.506 cents), the difference between a pythagorean and a just major third, necessary for just intonation in 5-limit. Other elementary commas appearing along the harmonic series are: in 7-limit the septimal comma or Architas' comma (64/63, 27.264 Cents), the difference between a minor and a harmonic seventh, and, in 11-limit, the undecimal comma or al-Farabi quarter-tone (33/32, 53.2729 cents), the difference between an undecimal semi-augmented and a perfect fourth.

With the Sagittal symbos for these three commas, a scale consisting of the harmonics 4 to 11 can be written as follows:

For a complete list of all comma symbols see http://sagittal.org/ or Sagittal.pdf.

Equal temperaments (1): comparison of notation in different equal temperaments

A special attraction of Sagittal notation is that it has been designed to notate both rational intervals (e.g. just intonation) and all kinds equal divisions of the octave. Basic guidelines for the latter, as defined in Sagittal.pdf, are as follows:

1. An interval in an equal temperament is to be notated in the same way as a just ratio for which the equal interval is the best approximation.
2. Conventional staff notation (natural notes, sharps and flats) indicates tones in a series built on the equal division’s best approximation of a fifth.

There are a number of details to be observed here. First and most important point is that a notation defined this way is highly ambiguous. Every note of an equal-tempered system is best approximation for a whole range of just ratios - even an unlimited number of them, in fact. There are, in other words, extremely many enharmonic equivalences. This is not necessarily a problem - enharmonic equivalences exist anyway, in conventional non-microtonal notation, too. Yet there are certain simplifications it make sense to define - certain commas, for example, vanish completely in some EDOs, as the syntonic comma in meantone systems. The corresponding symbol is obviously superfluous in this case. Other cases of enharmonic equivalence are less obvious. The developers for Sagittal notation have defined.a standard selection of symbols to be used for each equal system; these definitions have the character of recommendations.

Below is an example how the standard notation systems for some equal termperaments differ.

What is displayed is the tetrad consisting of the harmonics 4 to 7 (respectively, in equal temperaments, of their approximations), a chord resembling a dominant seventh chord. It appears first in mixed Sagittal notation for just intonation, with the syntonic comma symbol at the E note and the septimal comma symbol at the Bb note.

In equal temperaments, we could, in theory, write it always like that, following guideline 1. But depending on the concrete equal division there will be harmonic equivalences that suggest certain simplifications.

The second example shows the best approximation for the same chord in 12edo. Here, both the syntonic as the septimal comma are tempered out, so none of the additional symbols are necessary. The best approximation of the otonal tetrad is the same as the best approximation for a Pythagorean dominant seventh chord and can be written the same way. We see that Sagittal notation, when used for the western standard tuning, is identical to conventional notation.

In 22edo (third example), the septimal comma is tempered out, but not the syntonic comma. Therefore the symbol at the Bb note can be omitted, but the symbol at the E note has to stay. The diffference between the approximations of Pythagorean and just major third is one 22edo step, which is the best approximation of the syntonic comma in 22edo (more than twice as large as the just syntonic comma, though).

Another property of 22edo is that the undecimal comma is approximated by one step as well . i.e. undecimal and syntonic comma are the same in 22edo, which makes one of the symbols unnecessary again. Overall, only one additional symbol is needed for the notation of 22edo (or, more precisely, two - one up and one down), representing a modification by one 22edo step. The syntonic comma symbol has been defined as the recommended standard symbol for 22edo.

Finally, 31edo (last example) is like 12edo a meantone system and thus tempers out the syntonic comma - but not the septimal comma, exactly opposite to 22edo in this aspect. The septimal comma, in turn coincides with the undecimal comma here - both are approximated by one 31edo step. The recommended standard symbol for this interval in 31edo is the symbol for the undecimal comma (quartertone), so the tetrad in question could be notated with a quartertone symbol at the Bb. In our example, the enharmonic equivalent A# is used instead, which is possible because 31edo is a septimal meantone system.

Equal temperaments (2): 11edo scale

As second example, an 11edo scale is shown below. The task of defining a standard notation presents another possible pitfall here: 11edo doesn't have a good approximation of the perfect fifth. Building the notation following guideline 2 on series of fifths doesn't make much sense in this case - it would lead to strange effects, even contradicting guideline 1 (the written note E would sound llike a D, the written note Eb like an E). This problem can be avoided using the symbols of a finer division - in the current case of 11edo, the symbols of 22edo are used. For the same reason, the recommended symbols for 16edo are those of 48edo.

Sagittal11EDO.jpg

(Rendering Juhani Nuorvala)

Observe that both lines show the same scale! The different appearance is caused by enharmonic equivalence effects. The upper line uses only conventional symbols, which is valid but gives the wrong impression of an up and down movement - it is in fact a simple ascending scale made of 11edo steps. The second line requires additional symbols but has a more intuitive appearance.