1ed88c: Difference between revisions
Wikispaces>xenwolf **Imported revision 165931725 - Original comment: some typo for table, links added (a few only)** |
m →Scales: capitalisation |
||
| (41 intermediate revisions by 21 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''88-cent equal temperament''' ('''88cET''', also known as '''1ed88¢''' or '''APS88¢''') uses equal steps of 88 [[cent]]s each. It is equivalent to 13.6364edo, and is a subset of [[150edo]] (every eleventh step). | |||
==Theory== | == Theory == | ||
88-cent [[Equal-step tuning|equal temperament]] uses 88 cents, or 11\150 of an octave, to generate a [[nonoctave]] rank-1 scale. Since the 88-cent step is an excellent generator for the [[octacot]] temperament, it can be viewed as the generator chain of octacot, stripped of octaves. However viewed, octacot and 88-cent equal temperament are very closely related, and the chords of 88-cent equal temperament are listed on the page [[Chords of octacot]]. From this it may be seen that octacot, and hence 88 cent equal temperament , share an abundance of [[essentially tempered chord]]s. | |||
88 | Eight steps of 88 cents gives 704 cents, two cents sharp of 3/2, and eighteen gives 1584 cents, two cents flat of 5/2. Taken together this tells us that (5/2)<sup>4</sup>/(3/2)<sup>9</sup> = [[20000/19683]], the minimal diesis or tetracot comma, must be being tempered out. Eleven steps of 88 cents gives 968 cents, less than a cent flat of 7/4, and this tells us that (7/4)<sup>8</sup>/(3/2)<sup>11</sup> = 5764801/5668704 must be tempered out also. Taking this, multiplying it by the tetracot comma and taking the fourth root yields [[245/243]], which therefore must be tempered out also. The tetracot comma and 245/243 taken together define 7-limit octacot. | ||
Continuing on, twenty steps of 88 cents gives 1760 cents, which we may compare to the 1751.3 cents of 11/4 and suggests [[100/99]] being tempered out, and four steps gives 352 cents, which may be compared to the 359.5 cents of 16/13, and suggests [[325/324]] being tempered out. These would give an extended octacot, for which 88 cents would be an excellent generator tuning. | |||
=== Harmonics === | |||
{{Harmonics in cet|88}} | |||
== | == The 88cET family == | ||
[[Gary Morrison]] originally conceived of 88-cent equal temperament as composed of steps of exactly 88¢. Nonetheless, composers have recognized a kinship between strict 88cET and some other scales – in particular, the 41ed8 (equivalent to taking three steps of [[41edo]] as a generator with no octaves), the 68ed32 (taking every 5 steps of [[68edo]]), the 109ed256 (taking every 8 steps of [[109edo]]), the 150ed2048 (taking every 11 steps of [[150edo]] i.e. the strict 88cET), the [[8edf]], and the 11ed7/4, the latter being a preferred variant of composer and software designer [[X. J. Scott]]. These cousins of strict 88cET have single steps of approximately 87.805¢, 88.235¢, 88.073¢, 88¢, 87.744¢, and 88.075¢, respectively. These small differences add up, as can be seen by examining the interval list below. | |||
88cET | == Intervals == | ||
{{todo|cleanup|inline=true}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Degree | |||
! 11ed7/4 | |||
! 88cET | |||
! 41ed8 | |||
! 8edf | |||
! Solfege <br>syllable | |||
! Some Nearby <br>JI Intervals | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | first octave | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
| 0 | |||
| 0 | |||
| 0 | |||
| 0 | |||
| 0 | |||
| do | |||
| 1/1=0 | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| 88.075 | |||
| 88 | |||
| 87.805 | |||
| 87.744 | |||
| rih | |||
| 22/21=80.537, 21/20=84.467, 20/19=88.801, 19/18=93.603 | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| 176.15 | |||
| 176 | |||
| 175.610 | |||
| 175.489 | |||
| reh | |||
| [[11/10]]=165.004, 21/19=173.268, [[10/9]]=182.404 | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| 264.225 | |||
| 264 | |||
| 263.415 | |||
| 263.233 | |||
| ma | |||
| [[7/6]]=266.871 | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| 352.3 | |||
| 352 | |||
| 351.220 | |||
| 350.978 | |||
| mu | |||
| [[11/9]]=347.408, 27/22=354.547, 16/13=359.472 | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| 440.375 | |||
| 440 | |||
| 439.024 | |||
| 438.722 | |||
| mo | |||
| 32/25=427.373, [[9/7]]=435.084, [[22/17]]=446.363 | |||
|- | |||
| 6 | |||
| 528.45 | |||
| 528 | |||
| 526.829 | |||
| 526.466 | |||
| fih | |||
| [[19/14]]=528.687, 49/36=533.742, [[15/11]]=536.95 | |||
|- | |||
| 7 | |||
| 616.526 | |||
| 616 | |||
| 614.634 | |||
| 614.211 | |||
| se | |||
| [[10/7]]=617.488 | |||
|- | |||
| 8 | |||
| 704.601 | |||
| 704 | |||
| 702.439 | |||
| 701.955 | |||
| sol | |||
| [[3/2]]=701.955 | |||
|- | |||
| 9 | |||
| 792.676 | |||
| 792 | |||
| 790.244 | |||
| 789.699 | |||
| leh | |||
| [[11/7]]=782.492, 30/19=790.756, 128/81=792.180, [[19/12]]=795.558, 27/17=800.910, [[8/5]]=813.686 | |||
|- | |||
| 10 | |||
| 880.751 | |||
| 880 | |||
| 878.049 | |||
| 877.444 | |||
| la | |||
| [[5/3]]=884.359 | |||
|- | |||
| 11 | |||
| 968.826 | |||
| 968 | |||
| 965.854 | |||
| 965.188 | |||
| ta | |||
| [[7/4]]=968.826 | |||
|- | |||
| 12 | |||
| 1056.901 | |||
| 1056 | |||
| 1053.659 | |||
| 1052.933 | |||
| tu | |||
| [[11/6]]=1049.363, 35/19=1057.627, 24/13=1061.427 | |||
|- | |||
| 13 | |||
| 1144.976 | |||
| 1144 | |||
| 1141.463 | |||
| 1140.677 | |||
| to | |||
| 27/14=1137.039, 31/16=1145.036 | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | second octave | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
| 14 | |||
| 33.051 | |||
| 32 | |||
| 29.268 | |||
| 28.421 | |||
| di | |||
| 65/64=26.841, 64/63=27.264, 63/62=27.700, 58/57=30.109 | |||
|- | |||
| 15 | |||
| 121.126 | |||
| 120 | |||
| 117.073 | |||
| 116.166 | |||
| ra | |||
| 16/15=111.731, 15/14=119.443, 14/13=128.298 | |||
|- | |||
| 16 | |||
| 209.201 | |||
| 208 | |||
| 204.878 | |||
| 203.910 | |||
| re | |||
| 9/8=203.910 | |||
|- | |||
| 17 | |||
| 297.276 | |||
| 296 | |||
| 292.683 | |||
| 291.654 | |||
| meh | |||
| 13/11=289.210, 32/27=294.135, 19/16=297.513 | |||
|- | |||
| 18 | |||
| 385.351 | |||
| 384 | |||
| 380.488 | |||
| 379.399 | |||
| mi | |||
| 5/4=386.314 | |||
|- | |||
| 19 | |||
| 473.427 | |||
| 472 | |||
| 468.293 | |||
| 467.143 | |||
| fe | |||
| 17/13=464.428, 21/16=470.781 | |||
|- | |||
| 20 | |||
| 561.502 | |||
| 560 | |||
| 556.098 | |||
| 554.888 | |||
| fu | |||
| 11/8=551.318, 18/13=563.382 | |||
|- | |||
| 21 | |||
| 649.577 | |||
| 648 | |||
| 643.902 | |||
| 642.632 | |||
| su | |||
| 16/11=648.682 | |||
|- | |||
| 22 | |||
| 737.652 | |||
| 736 | |||
| 731.707 | |||
| 730.376 | |||
| si | |||
| 32/21=729.219, 26/17=735.572, 49/32=737.652 | |||
|- | |||
| 23 | |||
| 825.727 | |||
| 824 | |||
| 819.512 | |||
| 818.121 | |||
| le | |||
| 8/5=813.686, 45/28=821.398, 21/13=830.253 | |||
|- | |||
| 24 | |||
| 913.802 | |||
| 912 | |||
| 907.317 | |||
| 905.865 | |||
| laa | |||
| 42/25=898.153, 32/19=902.487, 27/16=905.865, 22/13=910.790, 17/10=918.642 | |||
|- | |||
| 25 | |||
| 1001.877 | |||
| 1000 | |||
| 995.122 | |||
| 993.609 | |||
| teh | |||
| 39/22=991.165, 16/9=996.090, 25/14=1003.802, 34/19=1007.442 | |||
|- | |||
| 26 | |||
| 1089.952 | |||
| 1088 | |||
| 1082.927 | |||
| 1081.354 | |||
| ti | |||
| 28/15=1080.557, 15/8=1088.269 | |||
|- | |||
| 27 | |||
| 1178.027 | |||
| 1176 | |||
| 1170.732 | |||
| 1169.098 | |||
| da | |||
| 63/32=1172.736, 160/81=1178.494 | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | third octave | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
| 28 | |||
| 66.102 | |||
| 64 | |||
| 58.537 | |||
| 56.843 | |||
| ro | |||
| 33/3253.273, 28/27=62.961, 80/77=66.170, 27/26=65.337 | |||
|- | |||
| 29 | |||
| 154.177 | |||
| 152 | |||
| 146.341 | |||
| 144.587 | |||
| ru | |||
| 49/45=147.428, 12/11=150.637, 35/32=155.140 | |||
|- | |||
| 30 | |||
| 242.252 | |||
| 240 | |||
| 234.146 | |||
| 232.331 | |||
| ri | |||
| 8/7=231.174, 23/20=241.961, 15/13=247.741 | |||
|- | |||
| 31 | |||
| 330.328 | |||
| 328 | |||
| 321.951 | |||
| 320.076 | |||
| me | |||
| 6/5=315.641, 23/19=330.761 | |||
|- | |||
| 32 | |||
| 418.403 | |||
| 416 | |||
| 409.756 | |||
| 407.820 | |||
| maa | |||
| 81/64=407.820, 33/26=412.745, 14/11=417.508 | |||
|- | |||
| 33 | |||
| 506.478 | |||
| 504 | |||
| 497.561 | |||
| 495.564 | |||
| fa | |||
| 85/64=491.269, 4/3=498.045, 75/56=505.757 | |||
|- | |||
| 34 | |||
| 594.553 | |||
| 592 | |||
| 585.366 | |||
| 583.309 | |||
| fi | |||
| 7/5=582.512, 45/32=590.224, 38/27=591.648 | |||
|- | |||
| 35 | |||
| 682.628 | |||
| 680 | |||
| 673.171 | |||
| 671.053 | |||
| sih | |||
| 28/19=671.313, 40/27=680.449 | |||
|- | |||
| 36 | |||
| 770.703 | |||
| 768 | |||
| 760.976 | |||
| 758.798 | |||
| lo | |||
| 17/11=753.637, 99/64=755.228, 14/9=764.916, 39/25=769.855, 25/16=772.627 | |||
|- | |||
| 37 | |||
| 858.778 | |||
| 856 | |||
| 848.780 | |||
| 846.542 | |||
| lu | |||
| 13/8=840.528, 18/11=852.592 | |||
|- | |||
| 38 | |||
| 946.853 | |||
| 944 | |||
| 936.585 | |||
| 934.286 | |||
| li | |||
| 12/7=933.129, 19/11=946.195 | |||
|- | |||
| 39 | |||
| 1034.928 | |||
| 1032 | |||
| 1024.390 | |||
| 1022.031 | |||
| te | |||
| 9/5=1017.596, 49/27=1031.787, 20/11=1034.996 | |||
|- | |||
| 40 | |||
| 1123.003 | |||
| 1120 | |||
| 1112.195 | |||
| 1109.775 | |||
| taa | |||
| 36/19=1106.397, 243/128=1109.775, 19/10=1111.199, 21/11=1119.463 | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | fourth octave (near match) | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
| 41 | |||
| 11.078 | |||
| 8 | |||
| 0 | |||
| 1197.59 | |||
| do | |||
| 1/1=0, 2/1=1200 | |||
|} | |||
== Scales == | |||
* [[Symmetrical scales of 88cET]] | |||
== | == Music == | ||
[[http://www.seraph.it/dep/det/88east.mp3 | ; [[Carlo Serafini]] | ||
* [http://www.seraph.it/dep/det/88east.mp3 88 East] | |||
* [http://www.seraph.it/dep/det/88vocoeast.mp3 88 VocoEast] | |||
* [http://www.seraph.it/dep/det/88Bulgarians.mp3 88 Bulgarians] ([http://www.seraph.it/blog_files/9660ca3450a996ea8b55713cbf36151f-15.html blog entry]) | |||
* [http://www.seraph.it/dep/int/88jinglebells.mp3 88 Jingle Bells] ([http://www.seraph.it/blog_files/495ec175ce56cf38cb399d1cd24db164-17.html blog entry]) | |||
* [http://www.seraph.it/dep/det/The88thDoor.mp3 The 88th Door] ([http://www.seraph.it/blog_files/927f59ac10125056bcf7871636f246a6-302.html blog entry]) | |||
; [[Chris Vaisvil]] | |||
* [http://micro.soonlabel.com/88cent_nonoctave/STE-004_88_cent_guitar.mp3 88 cent guitar improvisation] | |||
* [http://micro.soonlabel.com/88cent_nonoctave/Prelude_in_88_Cent_Tuning.mp3 A Simple Prelude for 88 Cent Piano] ([http://micro.soonlabel.com/88cent_nonoctave/A_Simple_Prelude_in_88_Cent_Tuning.pdf scordata]) | |||
; [[Mundoworld]] | |||
* "To Become Water" from ''Mundoworld III'' (2021) – [https://open.spotify.com/track/39gEeGXprXGbAnbq0iyjMF Spotify] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBv9c_qlFEk YouTube] | |||
* "Mirage Passage" from ''Mirage Passage'' (2024) – [https://open.spotify.com/track/2hAyfHr9XPG96SZPvBNHPP Spotify] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWgmmK80I9U YouTube] | |||
== Further reading == | |||
* [[Gary Morrison]]’s 2001 [https://soundcloud.com/mr88cet/sets/88cet-lecture-demo-gary-morrison-june-2001 lecture about 88cET] | |||
[[Category:Equal-step tuning]] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:18, 28 September 2025
88-cent equal temperament (88cET, also known as 1ed88¢ or APS88¢) uses equal steps of 88 cents each. It is equivalent to 13.6364edo, and is a subset of 150edo (every eleventh step).
Theory
88-cent equal temperament uses 88 cents, or 11\150 of an octave, to generate a nonoctave rank-1 scale. Since the 88-cent step is an excellent generator for the octacot temperament, it can be viewed as the generator chain of octacot, stripped of octaves. However viewed, octacot and 88-cent equal temperament are very closely related, and the chords of 88-cent equal temperament are listed on the page Chords of octacot. From this it may be seen that octacot, and hence 88 cent equal temperament , share an abundance of essentially tempered chords.
Eight steps of 88 cents gives 704 cents, two cents sharp of 3/2, and eighteen gives 1584 cents, two cents flat of 5/2. Taken together this tells us that (5/2)4/(3/2)9 = 20000/19683, the minimal diesis or tetracot comma, must be being tempered out. Eleven steps of 88 cents gives 968 cents, less than a cent flat of 7/4, and this tells us that (7/4)8/(3/2)11 = 5764801/5668704 must be tempered out also. Taking this, multiplying it by the tetracot comma and taking the fourth root yields 245/243, which therefore must be tempered out also. The tetracot comma and 245/243 taken together define 7-limit octacot.
Continuing on, twenty steps of 88 cents gives 1760 cents, which we may compare to the 1751.3 cents of 11/4 and suggests 100/99 being tempered out, and four steps gives 352 cents, which may be compared to the 359.5 cents of 16/13, and suggests 325/324 being tempered out. These would give an extended octacot, for which 88 cents would be an excellent generator tuning.
Harmonics
| Harmonic | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Error | Absolute (¢) | +32.0 | +34.0 | -24.0 | +29.7 | -22.0 | -24.8 | +8.0 | -19.9 | -26.3 | -15.3 | +10.0 |
| Relative (%) | +36.4 | +38.7 | -27.3 | +33.7 | -24.9 | -28.2 | +9.1 | -22.6 | -29.9 | -17.4 | +11.4 | |
| Step | 14 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 43 | 45 | 47 | 49 | |
The 88cET family
Gary Morrison originally conceived of 88-cent equal temperament as composed of steps of exactly 88¢. Nonetheless, composers have recognized a kinship between strict 88cET and some other scales – in particular, the 41ed8 (equivalent to taking three steps of 41edo as a generator with no octaves), the 68ed32 (taking every 5 steps of 68edo), the 109ed256 (taking every 8 steps of 109edo), the 150ed2048 (taking every 11 steps of 150edo i.e. the strict 88cET), the 8edf, and the 11ed7/4, the latter being a preferred variant of composer and software designer X. J. Scott. These cousins of strict 88cET have single steps of approximately 87.805¢, 88.235¢, 88.073¢, 88¢, 87.744¢, and 88.075¢, respectively. These small differences add up, as can be seen by examining the interval list below.
Intervals
| Degree | 11ed7/4 | 88cET | 41ed8 | 8edf | Solfege syllable |
Some Nearby JI Intervals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first octave | ||||||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | do | 1/1=0 |
| 1 | 88.075 | 88 | 87.805 | 87.744 | rih | 22/21=80.537, 21/20=84.467, 20/19=88.801, 19/18=93.603 |
| 2 | 176.15 | 176 | 175.610 | 175.489 | reh | 11/10=165.004, 21/19=173.268, 10/9=182.404 |
| 3 | 264.225 | 264 | 263.415 | 263.233 | ma | 7/6=266.871 |
| 4 | 352.3 | 352 | 351.220 | 350.978 | mu | 11/9=347.408, 27/22=354.547, 16/13=359.472 |
| 5 | 440.375 | 440 | 439.024 | 438.722 | mo | 32/25=427.373, 9/7=435.084, 22/17=446.363 |
| 6 | 528.45 | 528 | 526.829 | 526.466 | fih | 19/14=528.687, 49/36=533.742, 15/11=536.95 |
| 7 | 616.526 | 616 | 614.634 | 614.211 | se | 10/7=617.488 |
| 8 | 704.601 | 704 | 702.439 | 701.955 | sol | 3/2=701.955 |
| 9 | 792.676 | 792 | 790.244 | 789.699 | leh | 11/7=782.492, 30/19=790.756, 128/81=792.180, 19/12=795.558, 27/17=800.910, 8/5=813.686 |
| 10 | 880.751 | 880 | 878.049 | 877.444 | la | 5/3=884.359 |
| 11 | 968.826 | 968 | 965.854 | 965.188 | ta | 7/4=968.826 |
| 12 | 1056.901 | 1056 | 1053.659 | 1052.933 | tu | 11/6=1049.363, 35/19=1057.627, 24/13=1061.427 |
| 13 | 1144.976 | 1144 | 1141.463 | 1140.677 | to | 27/14=1137.039, 31/16=1145.036 |
| second octave | ||||||
| 14 | 33.051 | 32 | 29.268 | 28.421 | di | 65/64=26.841, 64/63=27.264, 63/62=27.700, 58/57=30.109 |
| 15 | 121.126 | 120 | 117.073 | 116.166 | ra | 16/15=111.731, 15/14=119.443, 14/13=128.298 |
| 16 | 209.201 | 208 | 204.878 | 203.910 | re | 9/8=203.910 |
| 17 | 297.276 | 296 | 292.683 | 291.654 | meh | 13/11=289.210, 32/27=294.135, 19/16=297.513 |
| 18 | 385.351 | 384 | 380.488 | 379.399 | mi | 5/4=386.314 |
| 19 | 473.427 | 472 | 468.293 | 467.143 | fe | 17/13=464.428, 21/16=470.781 |
| 20 | 561.502 | 560 | 556.098 | 554.888 | fu | 11/8=551.318, 18/13=563.382 |
| 21 | 649.577 | 648 | 643.902 | 642.632 | su | 16/11=648.682 |
| 22 | 737.652 | 736 | 731.707 | 730.376 | si | 32/21=729.219, 26/17=735.572, 49/32=737.652 |
| 23 | 825.727 | 824 | 819.512 | 818.121 | le | 8/5=813.686, 45/28=821.398, 21/13=830.253 |
| 24 | 913.802 | 912 | 907.317 | 905.865 | laa | 42/25=898.153, 32/19=902.487, 27/16=905.865, 22/13=910.790, 17/10=918.642 |
| 25 | 1001.877 | 1000 | 995.122 | 993.609 | teh | 39/22=991.165, 16/9=996.090, 25/14=1003.802, 34/19=1007.442 |
| 26 | 1089.952 | 1088 | 1082.927 | 1081.354 | ti | 28/15=1080.557, 15/8=1088.269 |
| 27 | 1178.027 | 1176 | 1170.732 | 1169.098 | da | 63/32=1172.736, 160/81=1178.494 |
| third octave | ||||||
| 28 | 66.102 | 64 | 58.537 | 56.843 | ro | 33/3253.273, 28/27=62.961, 80/77=66.170, 27/26=65.337 |
| 29 | 154.177 | 152 | 146.341 | 144.587 | ru | 49/45=147.428, 12/11=150.637, 35/32=155.140 |
| 30 | 242.252 | 240 | 234.146 | 232.331 | ri | 8/7=231.174, 23/20=241.961, 15/13=247.741 |
| 31 | 330.328 | 328 | 321.951 | 320.076 | me | 6/5=315.641, 23/19=330.761 |
| 32 | 418.403 | 416 | 409.756 | 407.820 | maa | 81/64=407.820, 33/26=412.745, 14/11=417.508 |
| 33 | 506.478 | 504 | 497.561 | 495.564 | fa | 85/64=491.269, 4/3=498.045, 75/56=505.757 |
| 34 | 594.553 | 592 | 585.366 | 583.309 | fi | 7/5=582.512, 45/32=590.224, 38/27=591.648 |
| 35 | 682.628 | 680 | 673.171 | 671.053 | sih | 28/19=671.313, 40/27=680.449 |
| 36 | 770.703 | 768 | 760.976 | 758.798 | lo | 17/11=753.637, 99/64=755.228, 14/9=764.916, 39/25=769.855, 25/16=772.627 |
| 37 | 858.778 | 856 | 848.780 | 846.542 | lu | 13/8=840.528, 18/11=852.592 |
| 38 | 946.853 | 944 | 936.585 | 934.286 | li | 12/7=933.129, 19/11=946.195 |
| 39 | 1034.928 | 1032 | 1024.390 | 1022.031 | te | 9/5=1017.596, 49/27=1031.787, 20/11=1034.996 |
| 40 | 1123.003 | 1120 | 1112.195 | 1109.775 | taa | 36/19=1106.397, 243/128=1109.775, 19/10=1111.199, 21/11=1119.463 |
| fourth octave (near match) | ||||||
| 41 | 11.078 | 8 | 0 | 1197.59 | do | 1/1=0, 2/1=1200 |
Scales
Music
- 88 East
- 88 VocoEast
- 88 Bulgarians (blog entry)
- 88 Jingle Bells (blog entry)
- The 88th Door (blog entry)
- "To Become Water" from Mundoworld III (2021) – Spotify | YouTube
- "Mirage Passage" from Mirage Passage (2024) – Spotify | YouTube
Further reading
- Gary Morrison’s 2001 lecture about 88cET