Periods and generators

This is a beginner page. It is written to allow new readers to learn about the basics of the topic easily. The corresponding expert page for this topic is Generator.

Introduction to generators

A generator or generating interval is an interval which is stacked repeatedly on top of itself to form a scale, an edo, or part or whole of a tempered structure. The resulting chain of stacked generators is often called a generator chain. Although they may seem somewhat abstract at first, generator chains are fairly simple to understand, and are important in developing an intuitive understanding of regular temperament theory.

Equal temperaments

The simplest and most intuitive example of a chain of generators is an equal temperament, such as the familiar 12edo. An equal temperament, regardless of whether it subdivides the octave, the tritave, or anything else, is itself a single generator chain. For example, 12edo is generated by the 100-cent interval stacked on top of (and below) itself ad infinitum. Likewise, 5edo is generated by creating a generator chain of 240 cent intervals, which generates the entire temperament. Nonoctave equal temperaments, such as 13edt (or the "Bohlen-Pierce" scale) are also formed by a single generating interval, which in the case of BP is 146 cents.

Every pitch in an equal temperament can be represented as a compounded product of its generating interval, and hence the generator serves as a "prime interval" for the temperament, with all of the other intervals being "composite." This is true even of the signpost interval which an equal temperament is said to subdivide, such as an octave in the case of an edo, or a tritave in the case of an edt.

Other things can be formed by a single generator chain that are not normally considered "equal temperaments". One example is the chain of justly-tuned Pythagorean fifths, in which the generating interval is a justly tuned 3/2 (or 702 cents), and which goes as follows: (...) ← −702 ← 0 → 702 → 1404 → 2106 → 2808 → 3510 → (...). Using diatonic notation, this would be spelled out (...) – F – C – G – D – A – E – B – (...), although it should be noted that the intonation of each note will differ slightly from its 12tet tempered version.

As is made apparent by the above example, 7 consecutive notes out of this chain will yield all of the pitches of the familiar diatonic scale. However, if we stick to the Pythagorean chain of fifths, these pitches will be spread out as a stack of fifths, rather than being octave-reduced and forming the familiar LLsLLLs diatonic scale pattern. If we want to octave-reduce the notes in this chain, we need to be able to move around by 1200 cents. Since 1200 cents does not exist in the Pythagorean circle of fifths, we need to create it as a new "prime interval" and hence create a second generator chain of octaves.

Introduction to periods

In the case of the above example, the addition of 2/1 as a second prime interval will allow us the additional degree of freedom needed to turn the Pythagorean chain of fifths into the Pythagorean diatonic scale. The operation to do so is trivial: simply take seven consecutive fifths out of the chain, and then reduce each note to the octave. In this case, we obtain 0 → 204 → 408 → 498 → 702 → 906 → 1110 cents, which in diatonic notation spells C – D – E – F – G – A – B.

If we so wish, we can take this resulting pattern and tile it ad infinitum along this new chain of octave generators, copying and pasting it every time a new octave appears. If we do, we obtain an infinitely-repeating periodic scale: (...) – C0 – D0 – E0 – F0 – G0 – A0 – B0 – C1 – D1 – E1 – F1 – G1 – A1 – B1 – C2 – (...). In this case, the generator at which the scale is repeated is given the special name of period.

Hence, in the above example, the Pythagorean diatonic scale is generated by two different intervals, which are the 3/2 and the 2/1, and the 2/1 is the period.

Fractional-octave periods

It is possible to construct scales in which the period is not the octave. Of these, the most common are scales in which the period subdivides the octave, which are often called "symmetric scales" in 12-equal music theory.

One common example of a scale with a fractional-octave period is the diminished or octatonic scale, which in 12-equal is C – D♭ – D♯ – E – F♯ – G – A – B♭ – C. Although the 12-equal tuning for this scale is (in cents) 0 – 100 – 300 – 400 – 600 – 700 – 900 – 1000 – 1200, we will consider. To construct this scale, consider a generator chain of 100 cents, which we stop at 2 notes, thus yielding the following mini-chain:

0 = 100 (or C–C♯)

If we were to tile this scale at the octave, we would arrive at the following strange 2-note periodic scale:

(...) ← −1200 ← −1100 ← 0 → 100 → 1200 → 1300 → 2400 → 2500 → (...) (or ... – C0 – D♭0 – C1 – D♭1 – C2 – D♭2 – ...)

However, if we were to instead tile this scale at the ¼-octave, which means that our period is now 300 cents, we arrive at the following scale:

(...) ← 0 → 100 → 300 → 400 → 600 → 700 → 900 → 1000 → 1200 → (...)

It should be noted that in the above example, 300 cents is itself generated by 100 cents, which means that strictly speaking, it is not a second "prime" generator interval. The choice of 100 cent generator was chosen for simplicity, but this is not true of all tunings for this scale — for example if our generator were 91 cents instead of 100, then the 300 cent period would not consist of 3 stacked generators anymore.