Indonesian music

Slendro (Template:Lang-jv) (Template:Lang-su), being a pentatonic scale, Template:Audio and the younger Pelog (Template:Lang-su, Template:Lang-jv) are the two essential scales of gamelan music native to Bali, Sunda and Java, in Indonesia. In Javanese the term slendro is said to derive either from "Sailendra", the name of the ruling family in the eighth and ninth centuries when Borobudur was built, or from its earlier being given by the god Sang Hyang Hendra and the term Pelog is said to be a variant of the word pelag meaning "fine" or "beautiful". The other, older, scale commonly used is called. Pelog has seven notes near those of Western harmonic minor scales, but many gamelan ensembles only have keys for five of the pitches. Even in ensembles that have all seven notes, many pieces only use a subset of five notes.

Tuning

From one region of Indonesia to another the slendro and pelog scales often vary widely. The amount of variation also varies from region to region. For example, slendro in Central Java varies much less from gamelan to gamelan than it does in Bali, where ensembles from the same village may be tuned very differently. The five pitches of the Javanese version are roughly equally spaced within the octave and pelog in Central Java roughly approximates a subset of 9-tone equal temperament. An analysis of 27 Central Javanese gamelans by Surjodiningrat (1972) revealed a statistical preference for this system of tuning within ±~36⅓¢ on average. Unless this roughness of the approximation is due to the nature of gamelans, it is likely the artifact of the small sample size or comparing the gamelans to 9edo. Because he found three of the primary intervals to be so close to each other, a rank-5 scale with steps of 128⁸/₉-128⁸/₉-291⅔-128⁸/₉-110-170-270 cents or a rank-4 scale with steps of 131⅓-131⅓-145⁵/₆-145⁵/₆-131⅓-110-170-131⅓-131⅓ cents may be taken as an approximation to this tuning, spanning 1228⅓ cents in all.

Although the intervals vary from one gamelan to the next, the intervals between notes in a scale are very close to identical for different instruments within the same gamelan. It is common in Balinese gamelan that instruments are played in pairs which are tuned slightly apart so as to produce interference beating which are ideally at a consistent speed for all pairs of notes in all registers. It is thought that this contributes to the very "busy" and "shimmering" sound of gamelan ensembles. In the religious ceremonies that contain gamelan, these interference beats are meant to give the listener a feeling of a god's presence or a stepping stone to a meditative state.

For the instruments that do not need fixed pitches (such as suling and rebab) and the voice, other pitches are sometimes inserted into the scale. The Sundanese musicologist/teacher Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata identified 17 vocal pitches used in slendro. These microtonal adjustments bear some similarity to Indian śruti.

Usage

Java

Pelog bem. Template:Audio

Pelog barang. Template:Audio

Although the full pelog scale has seven tones, usually only a five-tone subset is used (see the similar Western concept of mode). In fact, many gamelan instruments physically lack keys for two of the tones. Different regions, such as Central Java or West Java (Sunda), use different subsets. In Central Javanese gamelan, the pelog scale is traditionally divided into three pathet (modes). Two of these, called pathet nem and pathet lima, use the subset of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6; the third, pathet barang, uses 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7. The remaining two notes, including 4 in every pathet, are available for embellishments on most instruments, but they do not usually appear on gendér, gambang, or interpunctuating instruments.

The notes of the pelog scale can be designated in different ways; In Central Java, one common way is the use of numbers (often called by their names in Javanese, especially in a shortened form. An older set uses names derived from parts of the body. Notice that both systems have the same designations for 5 and 6.

Number	Javanese number		Traditional name
	Full name	Short name	Full name	Literal meaning
1	siji	ji	bem	head
2	loro	ro	gulu	neck
3	telu	lu	dhadha	chest
4	papat	pat	papat	four
5	lima	ma	lima	five
6	enem	nem	nem	six
7	pitu	pi	barang	thing

Sunda (West Java)

In Sunda, the notes of gamelan degung have one-syllable names. A peculiarity of Sundanese solfège is that scale degrees are given in descending order.

Sundanese pelog degung	Javanese pathet lima
1 (da)	6
2 (mi)	5
3 (na)	3
4 (ti)	2
5 (la)	1

Bali

In Bali, all seven tones are used in gamelan semar pegulingan, gamelan gambuh, and gamelan semara dana (a seven-tone gamelan gong kebyar ensemble). All seven tones are rarely heard in a single traditional composition.

Like in Java, five-tone modes are used, which are constructed with alternating groups of three and two consecutive scale degrees, each group being separated by a gap. Unlike Java, there are only five names for the notes, and the same five names are used in all modes. The modes all start on the note named ding, and then continue going up the scale to dong, deng, dung and dang. This means that the same pitch will have a different name in a different mode.

Classical modes

The three most common and well-known modes are selisir, tembung and sunaren. Selisir is the most often encountered, being the tuning of the popular Gamelan gong kebyar, and may be considered the "default" pelog scale.

Two other modes, baro and lebeng, are known from gambuh and semar pegulingan, but are rarely used and more loosely defined. Baro has at least four different interpretations; one common one (3-4-5-7-1, according to I Wayan Beratha and I Ketut Gede Asnawa) is shown below. Lebeng contains all seven tones, but only in semar pegulingan; in gambuh it is pentatonic, but has a more elusive character.

	Classical Balinese modes
Tone	Selisir	Tembung	Sunaren	Baro	Lebeng
1	ding	dung	—	dang	ding
2	dong	dang	dung	—	dong
3	deng	—	dang	ding	deng
4	—	ding	—	dong	deung
5	dung	dong	ding	deng	dung
6	dang	deng	dong	—	dang
7	—	—	deng	dung	daing

Other modes

With the advent of the gamelan semara dana and renewed interest in seven-tone music, a number of other modes have been discovered by extending the 3/2 rule to other possible positions. They fall into two groups: the pengenter modes and the "slendro" modes.

The two "slendro" modes, slendro gedé and slendro alit are named for their resemblance to slendro proper. In these modes, ding is often placed at the first note of a two-note sequence in the 3-2 pattern, reflecting common practice in slendro ensembles. Slendro gedé is associated with the tuning of gender wayang, while slendro alit is identified with the four-tone scale of gamelan angklung.

The pengenter modes were discovered as theoretical extrapolations by I Nyoman Kaler. They exist only in recent modern compositions.

Tone	Slendro gedé	Slendro alit	Pengenter gedé	Pengenter alit
1	—	(dong)	dong	deng
2	deng	—	deng	—
3	dung	deng	—	dung
4	dang	dung	dung	dang
5	—	dang	dang	—
6	ding	—	—	ding
7	dong	ding	ding	dong

External links

Wikipedia: Pelog, Slendro and Gamelan

Pleng: Composing for a Justly Tuned Gender Barung. Article by Bill Alves about certain Slendro and Pelog scales of Indonesia