Orwell: Difference between revisions

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{{interwiki
{{interwiki
| en = Orwell
| de = Orwell
| de = Orwell
| en = Orwell
| es =  
| es =  
| ja =  
| ja =  
}}
{{Infobox regtemp
| Title = Orwell
| Subgroups = 2.3.5.7, 2.3.5.7.11
| Comma basis = [[225/224]], [[1728/1715]] (7-limit); <br> [[99/98]], [[121/120]], [[176/175]] (11-limit)
| Edo join 1 = 22 | Edo join 2 = 31
| Mapping = 1; 7 -3 8 2
| Generators = 7/6 | Generators tuning = 271.5 | Optimization method = CWE
| MOS scales = [[4L 1s]], [[4L 5s]], [[9L 4s]], [[9L 13s]]
| Pergen = (P8, cP5/7)
| Odd limit 1 = 7 | Mistuning 1 = 4.27 | Complexity 1 = 13
| Odd limit 2 = 11-limit 21 | Mistuning 2 = 9.32 | Complexity 2 = 22
}}
}}
[[File:Orwell generator in 31.jpg|thumb|Martin Aurell's diagram showing Orwell[9] generated in 31 tone equal temperament.]]
[[File:Orwell generator in 31.jpg|thumb|Martin Aurell's diagram showing Orwell[9] generated in 31 tone equal temperament.]]
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'''Orwell''' – so named because 19 steps of [[84edo]], i.e. 19\84, is a possible generator – is an excellent [[7-limit]] [[regular temperament|temperament]] and an amazing [[11-limit]] temperament because of the simplicity of [[harmonic]] [[11/1|11]].
'''Orwell''' – so named because 19 steps of [[84edo]], i.e. 19\84, is a possible generator – is an excellent [[7-limit]] [[regular temperament|temperament]] and an amazing [[11-limit]] temperament because of the simplicity of [[harmonic]] [[11/1|11]].


In orwell, the [[3/1|just perfect twelfth (3/1)]] is divided into 7 equal steps. One of these steps represents [[7/6]]; three represent [[8/5]]. Alternately, the [[5/1|5th harmonic (5/1)]] divided into 3 equal steps also makes a good orwell generator, being [[~]][[12/7]].
In orwell, [[8/5]] is divided into three equal steps, each of which represent [[7/6]], so that [[1728/1715]] ({{S|6/S7}}) is tempered out. This means that the [[5/1|5th harmonic (5/1)]] is divided into three equal steps that represent [[~]][[12/7]]. After two 8/5's (six generators), [[9/7]] is found by [[tempering out]] the marvel comma, [[225/224]], and thus the [[3/1|just perfect twelfth (3/1)]] is divided into 7 equal steps.  


In the 11-limit, two generators are equated to [[11/8]] (meaning [[99/98]] is tempered out). This means that three stacked generators makes the [[orwell tetrad]] 1–7/6–11/8–8/5, a chord in which every interval is a (tempered) 11-odd-limit consonance. Other such chords in orwell are the [[keenanismic chords]] and the [[swetismic chords]].
In the 11-limit, two generators are equated to [[15/11]] and [[11/8]] (meaning [[99/98]] and [[121/120]] are tempered out). This means that three stacked generators makes the [[orwell tetrad]] 1–7/6–11/8–8/5, a chord in which every interval is a (tempered) 11-odd-limit consonance. Other such chords in undecimal orwell are the [[keenanismic chords]] and the [[swetismic chords]]. A far more complicated mapping of 11 at 33 generators, tempering out [[441/440]] instead, is also possible and is known as [[newspeak]] temperament; these two mappings unite on 31edo.


Compatible equal temperaments include [[22edo]], [[31edo]], [[53edo]], and [[84edo]]. Orwell is in better tune in lower limits than higher ones; the [[optimal patent val]] is [[296edo]] in the 5-limit, [[137edo]] in the 7-limit, and [[53edo]] in the 11-limit. It tempers out the semicomma in the 5-limit, and so belongs to the [[semicomma family]]. In the 7-limit it tempers out [[225/224]], [[1728/1715]], [[2430/2401]] and [[6144/6125]], and in the 11-limit, [[99/98]], [[121/120]], [[176/175]], [[385/384]] and [[540/539]]. By adding [[275/273]] to the list of commas it can be extended to the 13-limit as [[Semicomma family #Orwell|tridecimal orwell]], and by adding instead [[66/65]], [[Semicomma family #Winston|winston temperament]]. See [[Orwell/Extensions]] for details about 13-limit extensions.  
Compatible [[equal temperaments]] include [[22edo]], [[31edo]], [[53edo]], and [[84edo]] (though in 84edo, 11-limit orwell uses the 84e [[val]]). Orwell is in better tune in lower limits than higher ones; the [[optimal patent val]] is [[296edo]] in the 5-limit, [[137edo]] in the 7-limit, and [[53edo]] in the 11-limit.  


See [[Semicomma family #Orwell]] for technical details.  
See [[Semicomma family #Orwell]] for technical details. See [[Orwell extensions]] for details about 13-limit extensions.  


== Interval chain ==
== Theory ==
=== Interval chain ===
Odd harmonics 1–21 and their inverses are in '''bold'''.
Odd harmonics 1–21 and their inverses are in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable center-1 right-2"
{| class="wikitable center-1 right-2"
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| 5
| 5
| 157.28
| 157.28
| 12/11, 11/10, 35/32
| 11/10, 12/11, 35/32
|-
|-
| 6
| 6
| 428.73
| 428.73
| 14/11, 9/7, 32/25
| 9/7, 14/11, 32/25
|-
|-
| 7
| 7
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| 9
| 9
| 43.10
| 43.10
| 49/48, 36/35, 33/32
| 33/32, 36/35, 49/48
|-
|-
| 10
| 10
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| 63/32
| 63/32
|}
|}
<nowiki/>* In 11-limit CWE tuning
<nowiki/>* In 11-limit CWE tuning, octave reduced


== Chords and harmony ==
=== Chords and harmony ===
{{Main| Chords of orwell }}
{{See also| Chords of orwell | Functional harmony in rank-2 temperaments }}
{{See also| Functional harmony in rank-2 temperaments }}


The fundamental otonal consonance of orwell, voiced in a roughly {{w|tertian harmony|tertian}} manner, is 4:5:6:7:9:11. In terms of generator steps this is 0–(-3)–7–8–14–2, only available in a 22-tone mos. However, some subsets of this chord are way simpler, such as 8:11:12:14, which is 1–11/8–3/2–7/4 (0–2–7–8).  
The fundamental otonal consonance of orwell, voiced in a roughly {{w|tertian harmony|tertian}} manner, is 4:5:6:7:9:11. In terms of generator steps this is 0–(−3)–7–8–14–2, only available in a 22-tone mos. However, some subsets of this chord are way simpler, such as 8:11:12:14, which is 1–11/8–3/2–7/4 (0–2–7–8).  


The generator, ~7/6, is a septimal interval, so chords could instead be built around it as 1–7/6–3/2 (0–1–7), 1–7/4–3 (0–8–7), or tetrads such as 1–7/6–3/2–7/4 (0–1–7–8).  
The generator, ~7/6, is a septimal interval, so chords could instead be built around it as 1–7/6–3/2 (0–1–7), 1–7/4–3 (0–8–7), or tetrads such as 1–7/6–3/2–7/4 (0–1–7–8).  


To 1–7/6–3/2–7/4 we may add 11/8, or to 1–11/8–3/2–7/4 we may add 7/6, to form an essentially tempered pentad, 1–7/6–11/8–3/2–7/4 (0–1–2–7–8). Its inverse is 1–12/11–9/7–3/2–12/7 (0–5–6–7–(-1)), which can serve as a minor counterpart. This is similar, but also in clear contrast to the 1–5/4–3/2 (0–4–1) and 1–6/5–3/2 (0–(−3)–1) chords of [[meantone]]. Two approaches to functional harmony thus arise.  
To 1–7/6–3/2–7/4 we may add 11/8, or to 1–11/8–3/2–7/4 we may add 7/6, to form an essentially tempered pentad, 1–7/6–11/8–3/2–7/4 (0–1–2–7–8). Its inverse is 1–12/11–9/7–3/2–12/7 (0–5–6–7–(−1)), which can serve as a minor counterpart. This is similar, but also in clear contrast to the 1–5/4–3/2 (0–4–1) and 1–6/5–3/2 (0–(−3)–1) chords of [[meantone]]. Two approaches to functional harmony thus arise.  


First, we can treat the septimal chords above as the basis of harmony, but swapping the roles of 3 and 7 according to their temperamental complexities (number of generator steps). Thus a "dominant" chord is either 7/6 or 12/7 over tonic; a "subdominant" chord is either 7/6 or 12/7 under tonic. This leads to an approach closely adherent to mos scales. The 9-tone mos contains a tonic and a "dominant" triad. The 13-tone mos is good for encapsulating tonic, "pre-dominant", and "dominant" functions, triads to pentads alike.  
First, we can treat the septimal chords above as the basis of harmony, but swapping the roles of 3 and 7 according to their temperamental complexities (number of generator steps). Thus a "dominant" chord is either 7/6 or 12/7 over tonic; a "subdominant" chord is either 7/6 or 12/7 under tonic. This leads to an approach closely adherent to mos scales. The 9-tone mos contains a tonic and a "dominant" triad. The 13-tone mos is good for encapsulating tonic, "pre-dominant", and "dominant" functions, triads to pentads alike.  
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== Tunings ==
== Tunings ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ style="font-size: 105%; white-space: nowrap;" | 7-limit prime-optimized tunings
|+ style="font-size: 105%; white-space: nowrap;" | 7-limit norm-based tunings
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | Euclidean
! colspan="3" | Euclidean
|-
|-
! Constrained
! Constrained
! Constrained & skewed
! Constrained & skewed
! Destretched
|-
|-
! Equilateral
! Equilateral
| CEE: ~7/6 = 271.3553{{c}}
| CEE: ~7/6 = 271.3553{{c}}
| CSEE: ~7/6 = 271.3339{{c}}
| CSEE: ~7/6 = 271.3339{{c}}
| POEE: ~7/6 = 271.3727{{c}}
|-
|-
! Tenney
! Tenney
| CTE: ~7/6 = 271.5130{{c}}
| CTE: ~7/6 = 271.5130{{c}}
| CWE: ~7/6 = 271.5097{{c}}
| CWE: ~7/6 = 271.5097{{c}}
| POTE: ~7/6 = 271.5087{{c}}
|-
|-
! Benedetti, <br>Wilson
! Benedetti, <br>Wilson
| CBE: ~7/6 = 271.5725{{c}}
| CBE: ~7/6 = 271.5725{{c}}
| CSBE: ~7/6 = 271.5741{{c}}
| CSBE: ~7/6 = 271.5741{{c}}
| POBE: ~7/6 = 271.5576{{c}}
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ style="font-size: 105%; white-space: nowrap;" | 11-limit prime-optimized tunings
|+ style="font-size: 105%; white-space: nowrap;" | 11-limit norm-based tunings
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | Euclidean
! colspan="3" | Euclidean
|-
|-
! Constrained
! Constrained
! Constrained & skewed
! Constrained & skewed
! Destretched
|-
|-
! Equilateral
! Equilateral
| CEE: ~7/6 = 271.4920{{c}}
| CEE: ~7/6 = 271.4920{{c}}
| CSEE: ~7/6 = 271.3038{{c}}
| CSEE: ~7/6 = 271.3038{{c}}
| POEE: ~7/6 = 271.1665{{c}}
|-
|-
! Tenney
! Tenney
| CTE: ~7/6 = 271.5597{{c}}
| CTE: ~7/6 = 271.5597{{c}}
| CWE: ~7/6 = 271.4552{{c}}
| CWE: ~7/6 = 271.4552{{c}}
| POTE: ~7/6 = 271.4261{{c}}
|-
|-
! Benedetti, <br>Wilson
! Benedetti, <br>Wilson
| CBE: ~7/6 = 271.5915{{c}}
| CBE: ~7/6 = 271.5915{{c}}
| CSBE: ~7/6 = 271.5302{{c}}
| CSBE: ~7/6 = 271.5302{{c}}
| POBE: ~7/6 = 271.5174{{c}}
|}
|}


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! 53tet
! 53tet
|-
|-
| [[Marvel family|Marvel]]
| [[Marvel]]
|  
|  
| Negri, septimin, august,<br>amavil, enneaportent
| Negri, septimin, august,<br>amavil, enneaportent
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|  
|  
|-
|-
| [[Porwell family|Hewuermity]]
| [[Porwell]]
|  
|  
| Triforce, armodue,<br>twothirdtonic
| Triforce, armodue,<br>twothirdtonic
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| Amity, hemischis
| Amity, hemischis
|-
|-
| [[Orwellismic family|Orwellismic]]
| [[Orwellismic]]
|  
|  
| Beep, secund, infraorwell,<br>niner
| Beep, secund, infraorwell,<br>niner
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| Quartonic, buzzard
| Quartonic, buzzard
|-
|-
| [[Nuwell family|Nuwell]]
| [[Nuwell]]
|  
|  
| Progression, superpelog
| Progression, superpelog
| Quasisuper, hedgehog
| Quasisuper, hedgehog
| Squares, nusecond
| Squares, nusecond
| Tricot, hamity
| Alphatrimot, hamity
|-
|-
|  
|  
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| Quasisupra, hedgehog
| Quasisupra, hedgehog
| Squares, nusecond
| Squares, nusecond
| Tricot, hamity
| Alphatrimot, hamity
|-
|-
| [[Horwell family|Horwell]]
| [[Horwell]]
|  
|  
|  
|  
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; [[Claudi Meneghin]]
; [[Claudi Meneghin]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWrOiih7raY ''Orwell Canon 3 in 1 upon a Ground for Baroque Oboe, Viola, Clarinet, and Viola da Gamba''] (2024)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWrOiih7raY ''Orwell Canon 3 in 1 upon a Ground for Baroque Oboe, Viola, Clarinet, and Viola da Gamba''] (2024)
* [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/g7C2OrFd-nk ''Orwell Micro Trio, for Organ (Just: 7 Orwells = 1 Twelfth)''] (2025) &mdash; in open-ended Orwell tuning, but with the generator adjusted to be extremely close to 12\53, at 271.71{{c}}


; [[Herman Miller]]
; [[Herman Miller]]
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== Keyboards ==
== Keyboards ==
{{See also| Orwell on an isomorphic keyboard }}
{{See also| Orwell on an isomorphic keyboard | Lumatone mapping for orwell }}
{{See also| Lumatone mapping for orwell}}


To play interactive versions of these keyboards, check out [https://github.com/vsicurella/SuperVirtualKeyboard Vito Sicurella's plugin], which works with REAPER:
To play interactive versions of these keyboards, check out [https://github.com/vsicurella/SuperVirtualKeyboard Vito Sicurella's plugin], which works with REAPER: