View source for Constrained tuning/Analytical solution to constrained Euclidean tunings

{{breadcrumb}}
This article gives an analytical form of Euclidean-normed [[constrained tuning]]s. 

== Preliminaries ==
The [[projection map]] is useful in a lot of ways. We will work extensively with the projection map in the course of solving constrained tunings. 

First, it manifests itself as a form of [[tuning map]]. Its columns represent tunings of [[formal prime]]s in terms of [[monzo]]s. The tempered tuning map in the logarithmic scale can be obtained by multiplying the projection map by the [[just tuning map]] on the left. 

<math>\displaystyle T = JP</math>

where ''T'' is the tempered tuning map, ''J'' the just tuning map, and ''P'' the projection map. 

The projection map multipled by a [[temperament mapping matrix]] on the left yields its [[tmonzos and tvals|tempered monzos]]. In particular, if ''V'' is the temperament mapping matrix of ''P'', then

<math>\displaystyle VP = V</math>

Second, the projection map multipled by a monzo list on the right yields the tunings of the list in terms of monzos. In particular, if ''M'' is the [[comma list]] of ''P'', then

<math>\displaystyle PM = O</math>

For any Euclidean aka ''L''<sup>2</sup> tuning without constraints, the weight–skew transformed projection map is

<math>\displaystyle P_X = V_X^+ V_X</math>

where <sup>+</sup> is the [[pseudoinverse]], and ''V''<sub>''X''</sub> = ''VX'' is the weight–skew transformed val list of the temperament. Removing the transformation, it is

<math>\displaystyle P = XV_X^+ V_X X^+ = X(VX)^+V</math>

== CEE tuning ==
Let us start with CEE tuning (constrained equilateral-Euclidean tuning): the weight–skew transformation is represented by an identity matrix, which will be omitted below, and the constraint is the octave. 

Denote the constraint by ''M''<sub>''I''</sub>. In the case of CEE, it is the octave: 

<math>\displaystyle M_I = [ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \end{matrix} \rangle</math>

but it works as long as it is the first ''r'' elements of the [[subgroup basis matrix|subgroup basis]]. 

We will denote the projection map by ''P''. The goal is to work out the constrained projection map ''P''<sub>C</sub>, which also satisfies

<math>\displaystyle 
VP_{\rm C} = V \\
P_{\rm C}M = O
</math>

in addition to

<math>\displaystyle P_{\rm C} M_I = M_I</math>

Since ''P'' is characteristic of the temperament and is independent of the specific tuning, notice

<math>\displaystyle P = P_{\rm C}^+P_{\rm C}</math>

That makes the pseudoinverse of ''P''<sub>C</sub> easier to work with than ''P''<sub>C</sub> itself, as

<math>\displaystyle 
P_{\rm C}^+ M_I
= P_{\rm C}^+P_{\rm C} M_I
= P M_I
</math>

Both ''P''<sub>C</sub><sup>+</sup>''M''<sub>''I''</sub> and ''PM''<sub>''I''</sub> are the same slice of the first ''r'' columns of ''P''.

With the first ''r'' rows and columns removed, the remaining part in the mapping will be dubbed the minor matrix, denoted ''V''<sub>M</sub>. The minor matrix of the projection map

<math>\displaystyle P_{\rm M} = V_{\rm M}^+ V_{\rm M} </math>

forms an orthogonal projection map filling the bottom-right section of ''P''<sub>C</sub><sup>+</sup>. 

In general, if ''M''<sub>''I''</sub> is the first ''r'' elements of the subgroup basis, then ''P''<sub>C</sub> is of the form

<math>\displaystyle 
P_{\rm C} = 
\begin{bmatrix} 
V^+VM_I & \begin{matrix} O \\ V_{\rm M}^+V_{\rm M} \end{matrix}
\end{bmatrix}^+
</math>

== Otherwise normed tuning ==
If there is a weight–skew transformation ''X'', such as CTWE tuning, the transformation should be applied to the map and the constraint first: 

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
V_X &= VX \\
(M_I)_X &= X^+ M_I
\end{align}
</math>

Working from here, we find the weight–skew transformed projection map (''P''<sub>C</sub>)<sub>''X''</sub>: 

<math>\displaystyle 
(P_{\rm C})_X = 
\begin{bmatrix} 
V_X^+ V_X (M_I)_X & \begin{matrix} O \\ (V_X)_{\rm M}^+ (V_X)_{\rm M} \end{matrix}
\end{bmatrix}^+
</math>

To reconstruct the original projection map, apply

<math>\displaystyle P_{\rm C} = X (P_{\rm C})_X X^+</math>

== Nontrivially constrained tuning ==
What if the constraint is something more complex, especially when it is not the first ''r'' elements of the subgroup basis? It turns out we can always transform the subgroup basis to encapsulate the constraint. Such a subgroup basis matrix ''S'' is formed by the constraint and its orthonormal complement. 

<math>\displaystyle S = [\begin{matrix} M_I & M_I^\perp \end{matrix}] </math>

For example, if the temperament is in the subgroup basis of 2.3.5.7, and if the constraint is 2.5/3, then

<math>\displaystyle 
M_I = 
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & -1 \\
0 & 1 \\
0 & 0
\end{bmatrix}, 
M_I^\perp = 
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 \\
1/\sqrt{2} & 0 \\
1/\sqrt{2} & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}, 
S = 
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -1 & 1/\sqrt{2} & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 1/\sqrt{2} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
</math>

We should apply this ''S'' to the map and the constraint to convert them into the working basis: 

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
V_S &= VS \\
(M_I)_S &= S^{-1}M_I
\end{align}
</math>

Proceed as before. The projection map found this way will be in the working basis. To reconstruct the original projection map, apply

<math>\displaystyle P_{\rm C} = S (P_{\rm C})_S S^{-1}</math>

Similarly, if there is a weight–skew transformation ''X'', it should be applied to the map and the constraint first: 

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
V_X &= VX \\
(M_I)_X &= X^+ M_I
\end{align}
</math>

and then the basis transformation matrix should be found out in this weight–skew transformed space: 

<math>\displaystyle 
S = [\begin{matrix} M_I & M_I^\perp \end{matrix}]
</math>

We should apply this ''S'' to the weight–skew transformed map and the weight–skew transformed constraint to convert them into the working basis: 

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
V_{XS} &= VXS \\
(M_I)_{XS} &= (XS)^+ M_I
\end{align}
</math>

Proceed as before. The projection map found this way will be weight–skew transformed and in the working basis. To reconstruct the original projection map, apply

<math>\displaystyle P_{\rm C} = XS (P_{\rm C})_{XS} (XS)^+</math>

== Example ==
Let us try tuning septimal meantone to CEE. 

Its mapping is

<math>\displaystyle 
V =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & -4 & -13 \\
0 & 1 & 4 & 10
\end{bmatrix}
</math>

The projection map is

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
P &= V^+V \\
&= \frac{1}{446}
\begin{bmatrix}
117 & 146 & 116 & -61 \\
146 & 186 & 160 & -38 \\
116 & 160 & 176 & 92 \\
-61 & -38 & 92 & 413
\end{bmatrix}
\end{align}
</math>

The minor matrix of the mapping is

<math>\displaystyle V_{\rm M} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 4 & 10\end{bmatrix}</math>

and the minor matrix of the projection map is

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
P_{\rm M} &= V_{\rm M}^+V_{\rm M} \\
&= \frac{1}{117}
\begin{bmatrix} 
1 & 4 & 10 \\
4 & 16 & 40 \\
10 & 40 & 100
\end{bmatrix}
\end{align}
</math>

In fact, 

<math>\displaystyle 
P_{\rm C}^+ =
\begin{bmatrix} 
117/446 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
146/446 & 1/117 & 4/117 & 10/117 \\
116/446 & 4/117 & 16/117 & 40/117 \\
-61/446 & 10/117 & 40/117 & 100/117
\end{bmatrix}
</math>

Hence, 

<math>\displaystyle 
P_{\rm C} = \frac{1}{117}
\begin{bmatrix} 
117 & 146 & 116 & -61 \\
0 & 1 & 4 & 10 \\
0 & 4 & 16 & 40 \\
0 & 10 & 40 & 100
\end{bmatrix}
</math>

The tuning map ''T''<sub>C</sub> is

<math>\displaystyle 
\begin{align}
T_{\rm C} &= JP_{\rm C} \\
&= \langle \begin{matrix} 1200 & 1896.8843 & 2787.5374 & 3368.8435 \end{matrix} ]
\end{align}
</math>

[[Category:Math]]