Equal-step tuning: Difference between revisions
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Wikispaces>xenjacob **Imported revision 8011225 - Original comment: ** |
Wikispaces>xenjacob **Imported revision 8011637 - Original comment: ** |
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<h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2> | <h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2> | ||
This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br> | This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br> | ||
: This revision was by author [[User:xenjacob|xenjacob]] and made on <tt>2007-09-15 19: | : This revision was by author [[User:xenjacob|xenjacob]] and made on <tt>2007-09-15 19:19:12 UTC</tt>.<br> | ||
: The original revision id was <tt> | : The original revision id was <tt>8011637</tt>.<br> | ||
: The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | : The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | ||
The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br> | The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br> | ||
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<div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html">=Equal= | <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html">=Equal= | ||
Equal: a tuning in which every single step is the same interval; an equal-step scale. | **Equal: a tuning in which every single step is the same interval; an equal-step scale.** | ||
The size of this single step is given explicitly (e.g. 88 cent equal temperament) or as a fraction of a larger interval (e.g. 13 equal tones per octave). (When a just interval is equally divided, none of the resulting intervals are just. See [[roots]].) | The size of this single step is given explicitly (e.g. 88 cent equal temperament) or as a fraction of a larger interval (e.g. 13 equal tones per octave). (When a just interval is equally divided, none of the resulting intervals are just. See [[roots]].) | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
When a tuning is called "X tone equal temperament" (abbreviated -tET or -ET), this usually means "X divisions of 2/1, the octave," but it also implies a mindset of [[Regular Temperaments|temperament]]—that is, of a harmony-centric, JI-approximation-based understanding of the scale. | When a tuning is called "X tone equal temperament" (abbreviated -tET or -ET), this usually means "X divisions of 2/1, the octave," but it also implies a mindset of [[Regular Temperaments|temperament]]—that is, of a harmony-centric, JI-approximation-based understanding of the scale. | ||
The less loaded term //EDO//, meaning "equal divisions of the octave," is helpful for leaving comparison to JI completely out of the picture. | The less loaded term //EDO//, meaning "equal divisions of the octave," is helpful for leaving comparison to JI completely out of the picture. (There are other less standard terms, many in the [[http://www.tonalsoft.com/enc/encyclopedia.aspx|Tonalsoft Encyclopedia]].) | ||
**As there are infinite intervals, there are infinite equal scales.** Barring technicalities there are large quantities of perceivably different equal scales. Seeing such a diverse menagerie at their disposal, some composers choose to combine multiple equal tunings [[ET surveys|sequentially]] or [[Polymicrotonality|simultaneously]]. | |||
---- | ---- | ||
== == | == == | ||
=Scale gallery= | |||
==Equal divisions...== | ==Equal divisions...== | ||
===...of the Octave (2/1)=== | ===...of the Octave (2/1)=== | ||
[[edo| | (wildly popular; [[edo|dedicated page]]) | ||
|| [[1edo]] || [[2edo]] || [[3edo]] || [[4edo]] || [[5edo]] || [[6edo]] || [[7edo]] || [[8edo]] || [[9edo]] || [[10edo]] || [[11edo]] || [[12edo]] || | || [[1edo]] || [[2edo]] || [[3edo]] || [[4edo]] || [[5edo]] || [[6edo]] || [[7edo]] || [[8edo]] || [[9edo]] || [[10edo]] || [[11edo]] || [[12edo]] || | ||
|| [[13edo]] || [[14edo]] || [[15edo]] || [[16edo]] || [[17edo]] || [[18edo]] || [[19edo]] || [[20edo]] || [[21edo]] || [[22edo]] || [[23edo]] || [[24edo]] || | || [[13edo]] || [[14edo]] || [[15edo]] || [[16edo]] || [[17edo]] || [[18edo]] || [[19edo]] || [[20edo]] || [[21edo]] || [[22edo]] || [[23edo]] || [[24edo]] || | ||
| Line 40: | Line 43: | ||
25 (Stockhausen, McLaren) | 25 (Stockhausen, McLaren) | ||
==Equal multiplications== | ==Equal multiplications?== | ||
88-cET, Alpha, Beta, Gamma | 88-cET, Alpha, Beta, Gamma</pre></div> | ||
<h4>Original HTML content:</h4> | <h4>Original HTML content:</h4> | ||
<div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><html><head><title>Equal-step Tuning</title></head><body><!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc0"><a name="Equal"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->Equal</h1> | <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><html><head><title>Equal-step Tuning</title></head><body><!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc0"><a name="Equal"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->Equal</h1> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
Equal: a tuning in which every single step is the same interval; an equal-step scale.<br /> | <strong>Equal: a tuning in which every single step is the same interval; an equal-step scale.</strong><br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
The size of this single step is given explicitly (e.g. 88 cent equal temperament) or as a fraction of a larger interval (e.g. 13 equal tones per octave). (When a just interval is equally divided, none of the resulting intervals are just. See <a class="wiki_link" href="/roots">roots</a>.)<br /> | The size of this single step is given explicitly (e.g. 88 cent equal temperament) or as a fraction of a larger interval (e.g. 13 equal tones per octave). (When a just interval is equally divided, none of the resulting intervals are just. See <a class="wiki_link" href="/roots">roots</a>.)<br /> | ||
| Line 64: | Line 54: | ||
When a tuning is called &quot;X tone equal temperament&quot; (abbreviated -tET or -ET), this usually means &quot;X divisions of 2/1, the octave,&quot; but it also implies a mindset of <a class="wiki_link" href="/Regular%20Temperaments">temperament</a>—that is, of a harmony-centric, JI-approximation-based understanding of the scale.<br /> | When a tuning is called &quot;X tone equal temperament&quot; (abbreviated -tET or -ET), this usually means &quot;X divisions of 2/1, the octave,&quot; but it also implies a mindset of <a class="wiki_link" href="/Regular%20Temperaments">temperament</a>—that is, of a harmony-centric, JI-approximation-based understanding of the scale.<br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
The less loaded term <em>EDO</em>, meaning &quot;equal divisions of the octave,&quot; is helpful for leaving comparison to JI completely out of the picture.<br /> | The less loaded term <em>EDO</em>, meaning &quot;equal divisions of the octave,&quot; is helpful for leaving comparison to JI completely out of the picture. (There are other less standard terms, many in the <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.tonalsoft.com/enc/encyclopedia.aspx" rel="nofollow">Tonalsoft Encyclopedia</a>.)<br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<strong>As there are infinite intervals, there are infinite equal scales.</strong> Barring technicalities there are large quantities of perceivably different equal scales. Seeing such a diverse menagerie at their disposal, some composers choose to combine multiple equal tunings <a class="wiki_link" href="/ET%20surveys">sequentially</a> or <a class="wiki_link" href="/Polymicrotonality">simultaneously</a>.<br /> | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<hr /> | <hr /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:&lt;h2&gt; --><h2 id="toc1"><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:2 --> </h2> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:&lt;h2&gt; --><h2 id="toc1"><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:2 --> </h2> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:4:&lt;h2&gt; --><h2 id=" | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:4:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc2"><a name="Scale gallery"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:4 -->Scale gallery</h1> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule: | <br /> | ||
<a class="wiki_link" href="/edo"> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:6:&lt;h2&gt; --><h2 id="toc3"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions..."></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:6 -->Equal divisions...</h2> | ||
<br /> | |||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:8:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc4"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Octave (2/1)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:8 -->...of the Octave (2/1)</h3> | |||
(wildly popular; <a class="wiki_link" href="/edo">dedicated page</a>)<br /> | |||
| Line 210: | Line 203: | ||
and so on to less popular areas... <a class="wiki_link" href="/76edo">76edo</a><br /> | and so on to less popular areas... <a class="wiki_link" href="/76edo">76edo</a><br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule: | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:10:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc5"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Tritave (3/1)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:10 -->...of the Tritave (3/1)</h3> | ||
12<br /> | 12<br /> | ||
<a class="wiki_link" href="/BohlenPierce">13 (Bohlen-Pierce)</a><br /> | <a class="wiki_link" href="/BohlenPierce">13 (Bohlen-Pierce)</a><br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule: | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:12:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc6"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Perfect Fifth (3/2)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:12 -->...of the Perfect Fifth (3/2)</h3> | ||
<a class="wiki_link" href="/88cET">8 (88-cET)</a><br /> | <a class="wiki_link" href="/88cET">8 (88-cET)</a><br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule: | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:14:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc7"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Just Major 17th (5/1)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:14 -->...of the Just Major 17th (5/1)</h3> | ||
25 (Stockhausen, McLaren)<br /> | 25 (Stockhausen, McLaren)<br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule: | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:16:&lt;h2&gt; --><h2 id="toc8"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal multiplications?"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:16 -->Equal multiplications?</h2> | ||
88-cET, Alpha, Beta, Gamma | 88-cET, Alpha, Beta, Gamma</body></html></pre></div> | ||
Revision as of 19:19, 15 September 2007
IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES
This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:
- This revision was by author xenjacob and made on 2007-09-15 19:19:12 UTC.
- The original revision id was 8011637.
- The revision comment was:
The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.
Original Wikitext content:
=Equal= **Equal: a tuning in which every single step is the same interval; an equal-step scale.** The size of this single step is given explicitly (e.g. 88 cent equal temperament) or as a fraction of a larger interval (e.g. 13 equal tones per octave). (When a just interval is equally divided, none of the resulting intervals are just. See [[roots]].) When a tuning is called "X tone equal temperament" (abbreviated -tET or -ET), this usually means "X divisions of 2/1, the octave," but it also implies a mindset of [[Regular Temperaments|temperament]]—that is, of a harmony-centric, JI-approximation-based understanding of the scale. The less loaded term //EDO//, meaning "equal divisions of the octave," is helpful for leaving comparison to JI completely out of the picture. (There are other less standard terms, many in the [[http://www.tonalsoft.com/enc/encyclopedia.aspx|Tonalsoft Encyclopedia]].) **As there are infinite intervals, there are infinite equal scales.** Barring technicalities there are large quantities of perceivably different equal scales. Seeing such a diverse menagerie at their disposal, some composers choose to combine multiple equal tunings [[ET surveys|sequentially]] or [[Polymicrotonality|simultaneously]]. ---- == == =Scale gallery= ==Equal divisions...== ===...of the Octave (2/1)=== (wildly popular; [[edo|dedicated page]]) || [[1edo]] || [[2edo]] || [[3edo]] || [[4edo]] || [[5edo]] || [[6edo]] || [[7edo]] || [[8edo]] || [[9edo]] || [[10edo]] || [[11edo]] || [[12edo]] || || [[13edo]] || [[14edo]] || [[15edo]] || [[16edo]] || [[17edo]] || [[18edo]] || [[19edo]] || [[20edo]] || [[21edo]] || [[22edo]] || [[23edo]] || [[24edo]] || || [[25edo]] || [[26edo]] || [[27edo]] || [[28edo]] || [[29edo]] || [[30edo]] || [[31edo]] || [[32edo]] || [[33edo]] || [[34edo]] || [[35edo]] || [[36edo]] || || [[37edo]] || [[38edo]] || [[39edo]] || [[40edo]] || [[41edo]] || [[42edo]] || [[43edo]] || [[44edo]] || [[45edo]] || [[46edo]] || [[47edo]] || [[48edo]] || || [[49edo]] || [[50edo]] || [[51edo]] || [[52edo]] || [[53edo]] || [[54edo]] || [[55edo]] || [[56edo]] || [[57edo]] || [[58edo]] || [[59edo]] || [[60edo]] || and so on to less popular areas... [[76edo]] ===...of the Tritave (3/1)=== 12 [[BohlenPierce|13 (Bohlen-Pierce)]] ===...of the Perfect Fifth (3/2)=== [[88cET|8 (88-cET)]] ===...of the Just Major 17th (5/1)=== 25 (Stockhausen, McLaren) ==Equal multiplications?== 88-cET, Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Original HTML content:
<html><head><title>Equal-step Tuning</title></head><body><!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:<h1> --><h1 id="toc0"><a name="Equal"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->Equal</h1>
<br />
<strong>Equal: a tuning in which every single step is the same interval; an equal-step scale.</strong><br />
<br />
The size of this single step is given explicitly (e.g. 88 cent equal temperament) or as a fraction of a larger interval (e.g. 13 equal tones per octave). (When a just interval is equally divided, none of the resulting intervals are just. See <a class="wiki_link" href="/roots">roots</a>.)<br />
<br />
When a tuning is called "X tone equal temperament" (abbreviated -tET or -ET), this usually means "X divisions of 2/1, the octave," but it also implies a mindset of <a class="wiki_link" href="/Regular%20Temperaments">temperament</a>—that is, of a harmony-centric, JI-approximation-based understanding of the scale.<br />
<br />
The less loaded term <em>EDO</em>, meaning "equal divisions of the octave," is helpful for leaving comparison to JI completely out of the picture. (There are other less standard terms, many in the <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.tonalsoft.com/enc/encyclopedia.aspx" rel="nofollow">Tonalsoft Encyclopedia</a>.)<br />
<br />
<strong>As there are infinite intervals, there are infinite equal scales.</strong> Barring technicalities there are large quantities of perceivably different equal scales. Seeing such a diverse menagerie at their disposal, some composers choose to combine multiple equal tunings <a class="wiki_link" href="/ET%20surveys">sequentially</a> or <a class="wiki_link" href="/Polymicrotonality">simultaneously</a>.<br />
<br />
<hr />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:<h2> --><h2 id="toc1"><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:2 --> </h2>
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:4:<h1> --><h1 id="toc2"><a name="Scale gallery"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:4 -->Scale gallery</h1>
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:6:<h2> --><h2 id="toc3"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions..."></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:6 -->Equal divisions...</h2>
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:8:<h3> --><h3 id="toc4"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Octave (2/1)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:8 -->...of the Octave (2/1)</h3>
(wildly popular; <a class="wiki_link" href="/edo">dedicated page</a>)<br />
<table class="wiki_table">
<tr>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/1edo">1edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/2edo">2edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/3edo">3edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/4edo">4edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/5edo">5edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/6edo">6edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/7edo">7edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/8edo">8edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/9edo">9edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/10edo">10edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/11edo">11edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/12edo">12edo</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/13edo">13edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/14edo">14edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/15edo">15edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/16edo">16edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/17edo">17edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/18edo">18edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/19edo">19edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/20edo">20edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/21edo">21edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/22edo">22edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/23edo">23edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/24edo">24edo</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/25edo">25edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/26edo">26edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/27edo">27edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/28edo">28edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/29edo">29edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/30edo">30edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/31edo">31edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/32edo">32edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/33edo">33edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/34edo">34edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/35edo">35edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/36edo">36edo</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/37edo">37edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/38edo">38edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/39edo">39edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/40edo">40edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/41edo">41edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/42edo">42edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/43edo">43edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/44edo">44edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/45edo">45edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/46edo">46edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/47edo">47edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/48edo">48edo</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/49edo">49edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/50edo">50edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/51edo">51edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/52edo">52edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/53edo">53edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/54edo">54edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/55edo">55edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/56edo">56edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/57edo">57edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/58edo">58edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/59edo">59edo</a><br />
</td>
<td><a class="wiki_link" href="/60edo">60edo</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</table>
and so on to less popular areas... <a class="wiki_link" href="/76edo">76edo</a><br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:10:<h3> --><h3 id="toc5"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Tritave (3/1)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:10 -->...of the Tritave (3/1)</h3>
12<br />
<a class="wiki_link" href="/BohlenPierce">13 (Bohlen-Pierce)</a><br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:12:<h3> --><h3 id="toc6"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Perfect Fifth (3/2)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:12 -->...of the Perfect Fifth (3/2)</h3>
<a class="wiki_link" href="/88cET">8 (88-cET)</a><br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:14:<h3> --><h3 id="toc7"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal divisions...-...of the Just Major 17th (5/1)"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:14 -->...of the Just Major 17th (5/1)</h3>
25 (Stockhausen, McLaren)<br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:16:<h2> --><h2 id="toc8"><a name="Scale gallery-Equal multiplications?"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:16 -->Equal multiplications?</h2>
88-cET, Alpha, Beta, Gamma</body></html>