Middle-Eastern music: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:21, 18 September 2008

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This revision was by author LudwigVan and made on 2008-09-18 17:21:36 UTC.

The original revision id was 38788566.

The revision comment was: Added a couple of links; may make more additions later

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The music of the middle-eastern (arabic/turkish/persian) cultural area is one of the important microtonal music traditions (along with the [[Indian|indian]] tradition).

A central concept is "maqam", which corresponds more or less (but not exactly) to the western "mode". An introduction into maqam theory can be found on [[http://www.maqamworld.com/|http://www.maqamworld.com]].

The use of microtones in middle-eastern music is partly extremely subtle, as is demonstrated in a [[http://shumays.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=177745|podcast]] by arabic violin player Sami Abu Shumays: by his count, there can be 12 different notes within a half step.

There have been various endeavours, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf|paper]] by Ozan Yarman. However, none of these endeavours have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in the western music). [[24edo]] has found a certain dissemination, especially in the arabic world; but many consider it a bad compromise. Other equal temperaments that have been used are [[53edo]] and [[72edo]]. And even those (apart from getting impractical because of their high number of notes!) do not cover all details.

A system that covers many details to a satisfactorial degree is proposed in [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/misc/Ozan_Yarman_tez.pdf|Ozan Yarman's dissertation]] (also summarized in the mentioned [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf|paper]] ): a 79-tone [[MOSScales|MOS]] subset of [[159edo]]. A short description (quote of a posting on the yahoo tuning list) is also [[79MOS 159edo|here]].

For practical purposes (from the point of number of notes), Ozan Yarman proposes [[34edo]] and [[41edo]] as acceptable compromises.

==More external links== 

===Arabic=== 
[[http://www.maqamworld.com|Arabic Maqam World]] (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays //et al//)
[[http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm|Classical Arabic Music]]
[[http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk|The Oud]] (David Parfitt, discusses both Arabic and Turkish //maqâm// theory)
[[http://www.alsiadi.com|ALSIADI.com]] (focuses on Halabi/Aleppo theory; describes //maq////â////m////â////t// in 53-tone Pythagorean)

===Turkish=== 
[[http://www.hinesmusic.com/What_Are_Makams.html|Tetrachords and Makams of Turkey]] - another theory site
http://www.turkishmusicportal.org - listening
[[http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html|http://www.turkishmusic.org]] - listening
http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html - listening

===Persian=== 
http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri

Original HTML content:

<html><head><title>Arabic, Turkish, Persian</title></head><body>The music of the middle-eastern (arabic/turkish/persian) cultural area is one of the important microtonal music traditions (along with the <a class="wiki_link" href="/Indian">indian</a> tradition).<br />
<br />
A central concept is &quot;maqam&quot;, which corresponds more or less (but not exactly) to the western &quot;mode&quot;. An introduction into maqam theory can be found on <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.maqamworld.com</a>.<br />
<br />
The use of microtones in middle-eastern music is partly extremely subtle, as is demonstrated in a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://shumays.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=177745" rel="nofollow">podcast</a> by arabic violin player Sami Abu Shumays: by his count, there can be 12 different notes within a half step.<br />
<br />
There have been various endeavours, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf" rel="nofollow">paper</a> by Ozan Yarman. However, none of these endeavours have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in the western music). <a class="wiki_link" href="/24edo">24edo</a> has found a certain dissemination, especially in the arabic world; but many consider it a bad compromise. Other equal temperaments that have been used are <a class="wiki_link" href="/53edo">53edo</a> and <a class="wiki_link" href="/72edo">72edo</a>. And even those (apart from getting impractical because of their high number of notes!) do not cover all details.<br />
<br />
A system that covers many details to a satisfactorial degree is proposed in <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/misc/Ozan_Yarman_tez.pdf" rel="nofollow">Ozan Yarman's dissertation</a> (also summarized in the mentioned <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf" rel="nofollow">paper</a> ): a 79-tone <a class="wiki_link" href="/MOSScales">MOS</a> subset of <a class="wiki_link" href="/159edo">159edo</a>. A short description (quote of a posting on the yahoo tuning list) is also <a class="wiki_link" href="/79MOS%20159edo">here</a>.<br />
<br />
For practical purposes (from the point of number of notes), Ozan Yarman proposes <a class="wiki_link" href="/34edo">34edo</a> and <a class="wiki_link" href="/41edo">41edo</a> as acceptable compromises.<br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:&lt;h2&gt; --><h2 id="toc0"><a name="x-More external links"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->More external links</h2>
 <br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc1"><a name="x-More external links-Arabic"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:2 -->Arabic</h3>
 <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com" rel="nofollow">Arabic Maqam World</a> (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays <em>et al</em>)<br />
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm" rel="nofollow">Classical Arabic Music</a><br />
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk" rel="nofollow">The Oud</a> (David Parfitt, discusses both Arabic and Turkish <em>maqâm</em> theory)<br />
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.alsiadi.com" rel="nofollow">ALSIADI.com</a> (focuses on Halabi/Aleppo theory; describes <em>maq</em><em>â</em><em>m</em><em>â</em><em>t</em> in 53-tone Pythagorean)<br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:4:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc2"><a name="x-More external links-Turkish"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:4 -->Turkish</h3>
 <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.hinesmusic.com/What_Are_Makams.html" rel="nofollow">Tetrachords and Makams of Turkey</a> - another theory site<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:51:http://www.turkishmusicportal.org --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusicportal.org</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:51 --> - listening<br />
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org</a> - listening<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:52:http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:52 --> - listening<br />
<br />
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:6:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc3"><a name="x-More external links-Persian"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:6 -->Persian</h3>
 <!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:53:http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic" rel="nofollow">http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:53 --> - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri</body></html>

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 <h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2>
 This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br>
-: This revision was by author [[User:hstraub|hstraub]] and made on <tt>2008-08-05 04:01:21 UTC</tt>.<br>
+: This revision was by author [[User:LudwigVan|LudwigVan]] and made on <tt>2008-09-18 17:21:36 UTC</tt>.<br>
-: The original revision id was <tt>29350283</tt>.<br>
+: The original revision id was <tt>38788566</tt>.<br>
-: The revision comment was: <tt>External links</tt><br>
+: The revision comment was: <tt>Added a couple of links; may make more additions later</tt><br>
 The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br>
 <h4>Original Wikitext content:</h4>
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Arabic===
-[[http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm|http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com]]
+[[http://www.maqamworld.com|Arabic Maqam World]] (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays //et al//)
+[[http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm|Classical Arabic Music]]
+[[http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk|The Oud]] (David Parfitt, discusses both Arabic and Turkish //maqâm// theory)
+[[http://www.alsiadi.com|ALSIADI.com]] (focuses on Halabi/Aleppo theory; describes //maq////â////m////â////t// in 53-tone Pythagorean)
 ===Turkish===
@@ Line 27: / Line 30: @@
 http://www.turkishmusicportal.org - listening
 [[http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html|http://www.turkishmusic.org]] - listening
+http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html - listening
 ===Persian===
-http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri
+http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri</pre></div>
-http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html - listening</pre></div>
 <h4>Original HTML content:</h4>
 <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html">&lt;html&gt;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Arabic, Turkish, Persian&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&lt;body&gt;The music of the middle-eastern (arabic/turkish/persian) cultural area is one of the important microtonal music traditions (along with the &lt;a class="wiki_link" href="/Indian"&gt;indian&lt;/a&gt; tradition).&lt;br /&gt;
@@ Line 47: / Line 50: @@
   &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; --&gt;&lt;h3 id="toc1"&gt;&lt;a name="x-More external links-Arabic"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:2 --&gt;Arabic&lt;/h3&gt;
-  &lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
+  &lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com" rel="nofollow"&gt;Arabic Maqam World&lt;/a&gt; (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Classical Arabic Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Oud&lt;/a&gt; (David Parfitt, discusses both Arabic and Turkish &lt;em&gt;maqâm&lt;/em&gt; theory)&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.alsiadi.com" rel="nofollow"&gt;ALSIADI.com&lt;/a&gt; (focuses on Halabi/Aleppo theory; describes &lt;em&gt;maq&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;â&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;m&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;â&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; in 53-tone Pythagorean)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:4:&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; --&gt;&lt;h3 id="toc2"&gt;&lt;a name="x-More external links-Turkish"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:4 --&gt;Turkish&lt;/h3&gt;
   &lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.hinesmusic.com/What_Are_Makams.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Tetrachords and Makams of Turkey&lt;/a&gt; - another theory site&lt;br /&gt;
-&lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:45:http://www.turkishmusicportal.org --&gt;&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.turkishmusicportal.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:45 --&gt; - listening&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:51:http://www.turkishmusicportal.org --&gt;&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.turkishmusicportal.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:51 --&gt; - listening&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.turkishmusic.org&lt;/a&gt; - listening&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:52:http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html --&gt;&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:52 --&gt; - listening&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:6:&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt; --&gt;&lt;h3 id="toc3"&gt;&lt;a name="x-More external links-Persian"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:6 --&gt;Persian&lt;/h3&gt;
-  &lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:46:http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic --&gt;&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:46 --&gt; - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri&lt;br /&gt;
+  &lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:53:http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic --&gt;&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:53 --&gt; - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;</pre></div>
-&lt;!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:47:http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html --&gt;&lt;a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:47 --&gt; - listening&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;</pre></div>

Middle-Eastern music: Difference between revisions

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