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Vectors in interval space, where the coefficients are allowed to be real numbers, do not uniquely correspond to intervals, whereas monzos do. Fractional monzos do also; for each fractional monzo there is one and only one nth root of a positive rational number which corresponds to it.
Vectors in interval space, where the coefficients are allowed to be real numbers, do not uniquely correspond to intervals, whereas monzos do. Fractional monzos do also; for each fractional monzo there is one and only one nth root of a positive rational number which corresponds to it.
Starting with the next section, we discuss projection matrices in the formal mathematical language. For a beginner-level introduction, see [[Projection]].


== Fractional projection matrices ==
== Fractional projection matrices ==
A square matrix P is a [[Wikipedia: Projection (linear algebra)|projection]] if P<sup>2</sup> = P. A nontrivial projection, meaning one which is neither the zero matrix nor the identity matrix, has [[Wikipedia: Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace|eigenvalues]] of both 0 and 1 and no other eigenvalues. If the rows of P represent a tuning of a regular temperament as vectors in either weighted or unweighted [[Monzos and interval space|interval space]], then a comma c of the temperament (in the appropriate coordinates) times P from the left, cP, will be the zero vector. A val of the temperament v, times P on the right, Pv, will satisfy Pv = v.
A square matrix P is a [[Wikipedia: Projection (linear algebra)|projection]] if P<sup>2</sup> = P. A nontrivial projection, meaning one which is neither the zero matrix nor the identity matrix, has [[Wikipedia: Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace|eigenvalues]] of both 0 and 1 and no other eigenvalues. If the rows of P represent a tuning of a regular temperament as vectors in either weighted or unweighted [[Monzos and interval space|interval space]], then a comma c of the temperament (in the appropriate coordinates) times P from the left, cP, will be the zero vector. A val of the temperament v, times P on the right, Pv, will satisfy Pv = v.


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== Tunings in terms of fractional monzos ==
== Tunings in terms of fractional monzos ==
If ''n'' is the number of primes π (''p'') less than or equal to ''p'', we may define a unique ''n''×''n'' projection matrix by means of a list of ''n'' - ''r'' commas c and ''r'' '''eigenmonzos''' e. An eigenmonzo is defined as a monzo which is invariant under left multiplication by a fractional monzo projection matrix P, so that uP = u where u is the eigenmonzo. The name refers to the fact that u is a left [[Wikipedia: Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace|eigenvector]] for the eigenvalue 1.
If ''n'' is the number of primes π (''p'') less than or equal to ''p'', we may define a unique ''n''×''n'' projection matrix by means of a list of ''n'' - ''r'' commas c and ''r'' '''eigenmonzos''' e. An eigenmonzo is defined as a monzo which is invariant under left multiplication by a fractional monzo projection matrix P, so that uP = u where u is the eigenmonzo. The name refers to the fact that u is a left [[Wikipedia: Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace|eigenvector]] for the eigenvalue 1.


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== Algebraic considerations ==
== Algebraic considerations ==
For the mathematically inclined (other people may want to skip this paragraph) we note that monzos are elements of a [[Wikipedia: Free abelian group|free abelian group]] (or equivalently, Z-module) of rank ''n'' equal to the number of primes less than or equal to ''p'' for the ''p''-limit in question. Fractional monzos do not define a free group but rather a [[Wikipedia:Divisible group|divisible group]], meaning any element may be divided by any nonzero integer. They are Z-modules, but more than that also Q-modules, or stated equivalently, elements in a [[Wikipedia:Vector space|vector space]] (of dimension ''n'') over the rational numbers. They are also torsion-free (equivalently, [[Wikipedia:Flat module|flat]]) abelian groups, and are the [[Wikipedia:Injective hull|injective hulls]] of the corresponding monzos.
For the mathematically inclined (other people may want to skip this paragraph) we note that monzos are elements of a [[Wikipedia: Free abelian group|free abelian group]] (or equivalently, Z-module) of rank ''n'' equal to the number of primes less than or equal to ''p'' for the ''p''-limit in question. Fractional monzos do not define a free group but rather a [[Wikipedia:Divisible group|divisible group]], meaning any element may be divided by any nonzero integer. They are Z-modules, but more than that also Q-modules, or stated equivalently, elements in a [[Wikipedia:Vector space|vector space]] (of dimension ''n'') over the rational numbers. They are also torsion-free (equivalently, [[Wikipedia:Flat module|flat]]) abelian groups, and are the [[Wikipedia:Injective hull|injective hulls]] of the corresponding monzos.


[[Category:Regular temperament theory]]
[[Category:Math]]
[[Category:Math]]
[[Category:Theory]]
[[Category:Tuning]]
[[Category:Tuning]]