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| <h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2>
| | A '''Cartesian scale''' is a monotone [[periodic scale]] with an [[equave|interval of equivalence]] ℇ (normally 2 or 1200.0 cents or an approximation to the just octave) and ''k'' generators G = [''g''<sub>1</sub>, ''g''<sub>2</sub> ... ''g''<sub>''k''</sub>] with ''k'' multiplicities M = [''m''<sub>1</sub>,''m''<sub>2</sub> ... ''m''<sub>''k''</sub>], leading to a scale Descartes(ℇ, G, M) which if ℇ and g are given multplicatively is |
| This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br>
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| : This revision was by author [[User:genewardsmith|genewardsmith]] and made on <tt>2013-12-26 10:14:14 UTC</tt>.<br>
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| : The original revision id was <tt>479457836</tt>.<br>
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| : The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br>
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| The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br>
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| <h4>Original Wikitext content:</h4>
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| <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html">A //Cartesian scale// is a [[periodic scale]] with an interval of equivalence ℇ (normally 2 or 1200.0 cents or an approximation to the just octave) and k generators G = [g1, g2 ... gk] with k multiplicities M = [m1,m2 ... mk], leading to a scale Descartes(ℇ, G, M) which if ℇ and g are given multplicatively is {ℇ^n g1^i1 ... gk^ik| 0 ≤ i1 ≤ m1 ... 0 ≤ ik ≤ mk}. Here the multiplicities are fixed positive integers, and n ranges over all integers. If intervals are written additively as cents, then Descartes(ℇ, g, m) is {nℇ + i1g1 + ... + ikgk| 0 ≤ i1 ≤ m1 ... 0 ≤ ik ≤ mk}.
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| If the generators are odd primes and ℇ = 2, then the Cartesian scale is an [[Euler genera|Euler genus]]; if G = [p1, p2 ... pk] are the generators and M = [m1, m2 .. mk] the multiplicities, then Genus(p1^m1 p2^m2 ... pk^mk) = Descartes(2, G, M). By the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_arithmetic|fundamental theorem of arithmetic]], the odd prime generators define an [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_lattice|integer lattice]], the points of which define unique representatives of the pitch classes of the scale. These ℇ-equivalence pitch classes form a [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_lattice_polytope|Z-polytope]] which consists of the set of lattice points contained in an [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrectangle|orthotope]] aligned with the lattice. The same is true more generally for any [[http://planetmath.org/multiplicativelyindependent|multiplicatively independent]] set {ℇ}∪G of generators; a Cartesian scale defined in terms of these may be called "independent". On the other hand if we expand the scale by increasing each of the multiplicities by one, and if in this expanded scale there are two distinct products of generators with the same ℇ-reduced numerical value, we may call the scale "redundant". An example of a redundant Cartesian scale is the octatonic scale, Descartes(1200, [300, 100], [3, 1]). Expanding that to Descartes(1200, [300, 100], [4,2]) gives a scale which rather than having (4+1)*(2+1) = 15 notes to the octave, has just 12, the 12 notes of 12edo.
| | <math>\{{ℇ^n {g_1}^{i_1} {g_2}^{i_2} \ldots {g_k}^{i_k}| 0 \leq i_1 \leq m_1, 0 \leq i_2 \leq m_2, \ldots, 0 \leq i_k \leq m_k}\}.</math> |
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| Margo Schulter suggested the name "Cartesian" in a 2002 [[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/tuning/conversations/topics/39613|article]] on the Yahoo tuning list. Also, under the name "Euler-Fokker genus", Manuel Op de Coul gave [[Scala]] the capacity to construct Cartesian scales. Perhaps the first person to consider a Cartesian scale was Nicola Vicentino; his original conception for his [[http://www.tonalsoft.com/monzo/vicentino/vicentino.aspx|second tuning of 1555]] was for two 19 note 1/4 comma meantone scales (Meantone[19] in 1/4 comma tuning), separated by an interval of 1/4 of a syntonic comma, ie, (81/80)^(1/4); he only changed this to a 19+17 version because of physical limitations.
| | Here the multiplicities are fixed positive integers, and n ranges over all integers, with the scale sorted by ascending size and with all duplicates removed. If intervals are written additively as cents, then Descartes(ℇ, g, m) is |
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| | <math>\{{nℇ + i_1g_1 + \ldots + i_kg_k| 0 \leq i_1 \leq m_1 \ldots 0 \leq i_k \leq m_k}\}.</math> |
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| | If the generators are odd primes and ℇ = 2, then the Cartesian scale is an [[Euler_genera|Euler genus]]; if G = [''p''<sub>1</sub>, ''p''<sub>2</sub>... ''p''<sub>''k''</sub>] are the generators and M = [''m''<sub>1</sub>, ''m''<sub>2</sub> ... ''m''<sub>''k''</sub>] the multiplicities, then Genus(''p''<sub>1</sub><sup>''m''<sub>1</sub></sup> ''p''<sub>2</sub><sup>''m''<sub>2</sub></sup> ... ''p''<sub>''k''</sub><sup>''m''<sub>''k''</sub></sup>) = Descartes(2, G, M). By the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_arithmetic fundamental theorem of arithmetic], the odd prime generators define an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_lattice integer lattice], the points of which define unique representatives of the pitch classes of the scale. These ℇ-equivalence pitch classes form a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_lattice_polytope Z-polytope] which consists of the set of lattice points contained in an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrectangle orthotope] aligned with the lattice. The same is true more generally for any [http://planetmath.org/multiplicativelyindependent multiplicatively independent] set {ℇ}∪G of generators; a Cartesian scale defined in terms of these may be called "independent". On the other hand if we expand the scale by increasing each of the multiplicities by one, and if in this expanded scale there are two distinct products of generators with the same ℇ-reduced numerical value, we may call the scale "redundant". An example of a redundant Cartesian scale is the octatonic scale, Descartes(1200, [300, 100], [3, 1]). Expanding that to Descartes(1200, [300, 100], [4,2]) gives a scale which rather than having (4+1)*(2+1) = 15 notes to the octave, has just 12, the 12 notes of 12edo. |
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| | Margo Schulter suggested the name "Cartesian" in a 2002 [https://yahootuninggroupsultimatebackup.github.io/tuning/topicId_39613.html article] on the Yahoo tuning list. Also, under the name "Euler-Fokker genus", Manuel Op de Coul gave [[Scala|Scala]] the capacity to construct Cartesian scales. Perhaps the first person to consider a Cartesian scale was Nicola Vicentino; his original conception for his [http://www.tonalsoft.com/monzo/vicentino/vicentino.aspx second tuning of 1555] was for two 19 note 1/4 comma meantone scales (Meantone[19] in 1/4 comma tuning), separated by an interval of 1/4 of a syntonic comma, ie. (81/80)<sup>1/4</sup>; he only changed this to a 19+17 version because of physical limitations. |
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| | | [[Category:Scale]] |
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| {\Sigma^n g_1^i_1 g_2^i_2 \ldots g_k^i_k| 0 \leq i_1 \leq m_1, 0 \leq i_2 \leq m_2, \ldots, 0 \leq i_k \leq m_k}
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| [[math]]</pre></div>
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| <h4>Original HTML content:</h4>
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| <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><html><head><title>Cartesian scales</title></head><body>A <em>Cartesian scale</em> is a <a class="wiki_link" href="/periodic%20scale">periodic scale</a> with an interval of equivalence ℇ (normally 2 or 1200.0 cents or an approximation to the just octave) and k generators G = [g1, g2 ... gk] with k multiplicities M = [m1,m2 ... mk], leading to a scale Descartes(ℇ, G, M) which if ℇ and g are given multplicatively is {ℇ^n g1^i1 ... gk^ik| 0 ≤ i1 ≤ m1 ... 0 ≤ ik ≤ mk}. Here the multiplicities are fixed positive integers, and n ranges over all integers. If intervals are written additively as cents, then Descartes(ℇ, g, m) is {nℇ + i1g1 + ... + ikgk| 0 ≤ i1 ≤ m1 ... 0 ≤ ik ≤ mk}. <br />
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| If the generators are odd primes and ℇ = 2, then the Cartesian scale is an <a class="wiki_link" href="/Euler%20genera">Euler genus</a>; if G = [p1, p2 ... pk] are the generators and M = [m1, m2 .. mk] the multiplicities, then Genus(p1^m1 p2^m2 ... pk^mk) = Descartes(2, G, M). By the <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_arithmetic" rel="nofollow">fundamental theorem of arithmetic</a>, the odd prime generators define an <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_lattice" rel="nofollow">integer lattice</a>, the points of which define unique representatives of the pitch classes of the scale. These ℇ-equivalence pitch classes form a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_lattice_polytope" rel="nofollow">Z-polytope</a> which consists of the set of lattice points contained in an <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrectangle" rel="nofollow">orthotope</a> aligned with the lattice. The same is true more generally for any <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://planetmath.org/multiplicativelyindependent" rel="nofollow">multiplicatively independent</a> set {ℇ}∪G of generators; a Cartesian scale defined in terms of these may be called &quot;independent&quot;. On the other hand if we expand the scale by increasing each of the multiplicities by one, and if in this expanded scale there are two distinct products of generators with the same ℇ-reduced numerical value, we may call the scale &quot;redundant&quot;. An example of a redundant Cartesian scale is the octatonic scale, Descartes(1200, [300, 100], [3, 1]). Expanding that to Descartes(1200, [300, 100], [4,2]) gives a scale which rather than having (4+1)*(2+1) = 15 notes to the octave, has just 12, the 12 notes of 12edo.<br />
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| Margo Schulter suggested the name &quot;Cartesian&quot; in a 2002 <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/tuning/conversations/topics/39613" rel="nofollow">article</a> on the Yahoo tuning list. Also, under the name &quot;Euler-Fokker genus&quot;, Manuel Op de Coul gave <a class="wiki_link" href="/Scala">Scala</a> the capacity to construct Cartesian scales. Perhaps the first person to consider a Cartesian scale was Nicola Vicentino; his original conception for his <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.tonalsoft.com/monzo/vicentino/vicentino.aspx" rel="nofollow">second tuning of 1555</a> was for two 19 note 1/4 comma meantone scales (Meantone[19] in 1/4 comma tuning), separated by an interval of 1/4 of a syntonic comma, ie, (81/80)^(1/4); he only changed this to a 19+17 version because of physical limitations.<br />
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| {\Sigma^n g_1^i_1 g_2^i_2 \ldots g_k^i_k| 0 \leq i_1 \leq m_1, 0 \leq i_2 \leq m_2, \ldots, 0 \leq i_k \leq m_k}&lt;br/&gt;[[math]]
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| --><script type="math/tex">{\Sigma^n g_1^i_1 g_2^i_2 \ldots g_k^i_k| 0 \leq i_1 \leq m_1, 0 \leq i_2 \leq m_2, \ldots, 0 \leq i_k \leq m_k}</script><!-- ws:end:WikiTextMathRule:0 --></body></html></pre></div>
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