Gallery of 12-tone just intonation scales: Difference between revisions

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Just Intonation is an infinite universe. A justly-intoned pentatonic can be very effective in the hands of a sensitive composer, and in this electronic age that same composer on another day can use a scale with hundreds of notes in an octave.
[[Just intonation]] is an infinite universe. A justly-intoned [[pentatonic]] can be very effective in the hands of a sensitive composer, and in this electronic age that same composer on another day can use a [[scale]] with hundreds of notes in an [[octave]].


One approach to making just intonation not only practical but easy is to map an [[Periodic_scale|octave-repeating]] 12-tone JI scale to a standard keyboard. This page collects some of these scales, and a [[Gallery_of_12-tone_Tempered_Scales|companion page]] does the same for tempered scales.
One approach to making just intonation not only practical but easy is to map an [[Periodic_scale|octave-repeating]] 12-tone JI scale to a standard keyboard. This page collects some of these scales, and a [[Gallery_of_12-tone_Tempered_Scales|companion page]] does the same for tempered scales.


<ul><li>[[12highschool1|12highschool1]] - first 12-note highschool scale</li><li>[[12highschool2|12highschool2]] - second 12-note highschool scale</li><li>[[44_39-12|44_39-12]] - 12-note chromatic tuning with 352:351, 364:363 by Margo Schulter</li><li>[[pre-archytas|pre-archytas]] - tuning by Gene Ward Smith<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/pre-archytas-hobbit/daily20110621_zither_ji.mp3 Just Zither Me] [http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=983 (details)]</li></ul></li><li>[[augdommean|augdommean]] - Fokkerization of Centaur</li><li>[[barton|barton]] - Jacob Barton, tetratetradic scale on 6:7:9:11</li><li>[[bicycle|bicycle]] - George Secor's (also Wilson's and Heathwaite's) 13-limit harmonic bicycle</li><li>[[biggulp|biggulp]] - Big Gulp tuning<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/tuning-survey/daily20100611-Big%20Gulp.mp3 improv] [http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=164 (details)]</li></ul></li><li>[[bihexany|bihexany]] - hole around [0, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2]</li><li>[[blue-ji|blue-ji]] - John O'Sullivan and Carl Lumma<ul><li>[http://alonetone.com/vaisvil/tracks/sweeneys-agony-remix-by-johnny-pumphandle.mp3 Sweeney's Agony]</li><li>[http://micro.soonlabel.com/blue-tuning/daily20110119-atonement-in-blue-JI.mp3 Atonement to a Centaur]</li></ul></li><li>[[bluesji|bluesji]] - Graham Breed's Blues scale in a 7-limit JI version</li><li>[[Bozuji Tuning]] - Bostjan Zupancic's tuning based on combining the idea of ergotonics (i.e., defining steps rather than intervals) and the extrapolation of Gioseffo Zarlino's expansion of the Ptolemeic JI scale.
== [[Chain of fifths|Interval circle]]-based ==
</li><li>[[breedball3|breedball3]] - the third breed ball around 49/40-7/4</li><li>[[canton|canton]] - a 2.3.11/7.13/7 subgroup scale</li><li>[[carlos_harm|carlos_harm]] - [[Wendy_Carlos|Wendy Carlos]] Harmonic Scale<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/carlos-harmonic/daily20090806-piano-valles-marineris-harmonic-wah.mp3 Valles Marineris]</li></ul></li><li>[[centaur|centaur]] - a 7-limit tuning [http://www.anaphoria.com/centaur.html discovered by Kraig Grady]<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/centaur_tuning/daily20100823-centaur-ver2.mp3 Centaur’s Pasture]</li></ul></li><li>[[chalmers_ji1.scl|chalmers_ji1.scl]] - based loosely on Wronski's and similar JI scales</li><li>[[collapsar|collapsar]] - an 11-limit patent val superwakalix</li><li>[[cv_scales|cv scales]] - [[Periodic_scale|epimorphic scales]] with three major and two minor tetrads</li><li>[[dekany-cs|dekany-cs]] - [[Combination_product_sets|Cps]]({1,3,7,9,11}, 2) union {77/72, 77/64}; Grady-Narushima</li><li>[[domdimpajinjschis|domdimpajinjschis]] - superwakalix</li><li>[[domdimpajinjmean|domdimpajinjmean]] - superwakalix, same as miller7, parizek_ji1</li><li>[[duodene|duodene]] - the Ellis duodene = Dwarf(&lt;12 19 28|) = syndie3 = Euler(675) = Gandhar tuning</li><li>[[duodene_skew|duodene_skew]] - rotated duodene = magsyn3</li><li>[[duohex|duohex]] - a scale with two hexanies</li><li>[[dwarf12_7|dwarf12_7]] - the 7-limit 12-note dwarf</li><li>[[dwarf12_11|dwarf12_11]] - the 11-limit 12-note dwarf</li><li>[[genovese_12|genovese_12]] - Denny Genovese's superposition of harmonics 8-16 and subharmonics 6-12</li><li>[[glumma|glumma]] - a &lt;12 19 27 34|-epimorphic rectangular scale</li><li>[[hexanys|hexanys]]</li><li>[[hobbit_11_limit|hobbit_11_limit]] - Chris Vaisvil's 11 limit JI hobbit<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, [http://chrisvaisvil.com/the-forgotten-glory-of-wolfs-motor-court/ The Forgotten Glory of Wolf’s Motor Court] [http://micro.soonlabel.com/hobbit_scales/20130923_hobbit_11_limit.mp3 (play)]</li></ul></li><li>[[locomotive|locomotive]] - a 2.9.11.13 subgroup scale</li><li>[[major_clus|major_clus]] - Chalmers' Major Mode Cluster</li><li>[[major_wing|major_wing]] - Chalmers' Major Wing with 7 major and 6 minor triads</li><li>[[minor_clus|minor_clus]] - Chalmers' Minor Mode Cluster, Genus [333335]</li><li>[[minor_wing|minor_wing]] - Chalmers' Minor Wing with 7 minor and 6 major triads</li><li>[[Max_scales|max scales]] - 31 dyads 26 triads 6 tetrads 2 pentads</li><li>[[mdevelde|mdevelde]] - a 2.3.5.19 subgroup scale</li><li>[[nofives|nofives]] - a 3 &amp; 7 scale discovered by Gene Ward Smith<ul><li>Aaron Krister Johnson, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7mxHWdkV04 piano improvisation]</li></ul></li><li>[[omaha|omaha]] - a 2.3.11 subgroup scale</li><li>[[otones12-24|otones12-24]] - a.k.a. Mode 12 of the [[OverToneSeries|Harmonic Series]]</li><li>[[part12|part12]] - 9+3=12 partition scale &lt;12 19 27| epimorphic</li><li>[[portsmouth|portsmouth]] - a 2.3.7.11 subgroup scale</li><li>[[prentwind|prentwind]] - [[Prent_Rodgers|Prent Rodgers]]' scale for [http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Rodgers/prentrodgers+dryholecanyonforwoodwindquintet.mp3 Dry Hole Canyon for Woodwind Quintet]</li><li>[[prism|prism]] - [[Carl_Lumma|Carl Lumma]] scale</li><li>[[pris|pris]] - optimized (15/14)^3 (16/15)^4 (21/20)^3 (25/24)^2 scale</li><li>[[ptolex|ptolex]] - [[Jon_Lyle_Smith|Jon Lyle Smith]]'s extended septimal Ptolemy<ul><li>Jon Lyle Smith, [http://www.notonlymusic.com/board/download/file.php?id=1993 Te Deum Laudamus]</li></ul></li><li>[[hahn12|hahn12]] - [[Hahn-reduced|Hahn-reduced]] 12 note scale</li><li>[[hahn_7|hahn_7]] - [[Paul_Hahn|Paul Hahn]]'s scale with 32 consonant 7-limit dyads. TL '99</li><li>[[hahnZ|hahnZ]] - [[Paul_Hahn|Paul Hahn]]'s scale Z, TL '99</li><li>[[harrison_cinna|harrison_cinna]] - [[Lou_Harrison|Lou Harrison]], "Incidental Music for Corneille's Cinna"</li><li>[[harrisonm_rev|harrisonm_rev]] - Michael Harrison's [http://www.michaelharrison.com/harmonic-tunings.html Revelation Tuning]</li><li>[[hexy|hexy]] - maximized 9-limit harmony containing a hexany</li><li>[[johnston|johnston]] - Ben Johnston's combined otonal-utonal 11-limit Fokker block</li><li>[[malcolm|malcolm]] - Alexander Malcolm's Monochord (1721)</li><li>[[malcolm2|malcolm2]] - Alexander Malcolm's 1721 scale</li><li>[[mohajira-to-slendro|mohajira-to-slendro]] - Dudon's "From Mohajira to Aeolian and Slendros"</li><li>[[oljare|oljare]] - Mats Öljare, scale for "Tampere" (2001)</li><li>[[ramis|ramis]] - monochord of Ramos de Pareja (Ramis de Pareia), Musica practica (1482)<ul><li>[http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Curley/Zach%20Curley%20-%20Impromptu%20in%20F%20Minor.mp3 Impromptu in F Minor] by [[Zach_Curley|Zach Curley]]</li></ul></li><li>[[rectoo|rectoo]] - Hahn reduced circle of fifths via &lt;12 19 27 34|</li><li>[[riley_rosary|riley_rosary]] - Terry Riley, tuning for Cactus Rosary (1993)</li><li>[[Secor5_23TX|Secor5_23TX]] - George Secor's synchronous 5/23-comma temperament extraordinaire</li><li>[[serafini-11|serafini-11]] - Serafini's [http://electro-music.com/forum/topic-14631.html 11's chromatic scale], an 11-limit tuning discovered by [[Carlo_Serafini|Carlo Serafini]]</li><li>[[sevish|sevish]] - Sean "Sevish" Archibald's scale for [http://www.archive.org/download/FNet021/02.Sevish-Trapped_in_a_Cycle.mp3 Trapped in a Cycle]</li><li>[[simp12|simp12]] - Stiltner-Vaisvil 12 note 2.3.5.7.13 scale<ul><li>[http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/JI/simpl10plus13.mp3 Simpl10plus13] by Chris Vaisvil</li></ul></li><li>[[sonbirkezsorted|sonbirkezsorted]] Sonbirkez Huzzam scale</li><li>[[steel|steel]] - an 11-limit tuning discovered by [[Lou_Harrison|Lou Harrison]] and Bill Slye<ul><li>see David B. Doty's [http://www.dbdoty.com/SteelSuiteIntro.html Steel Suite]</li></ul></li><li>[[stelhex|stelhex]] - stellated two out of 1 3 5 7 hexany</li><li>[[stelhex2|stelhex2]] - stellated two out of 1 3 5 9 hexany</li><li>[[stexhex5|stexhex5]] - stellated two out of 1 3 7 9 hexany, stellation is degenerate</li><li>[[terrain|terrain]] - in effect a generated scale in 2.9/5.9/7 subgroup</li><li>[[thirteendene|thirteendene]] - 2.3.5.7.13 marveldene transversal</li><li>[[unimajor|unimajor]] - a 2.3.11/7 subgroup scale</li><li>[[wilson_class|wilson_class]] - [[Erv_Wilson|Erv Wilson]]'s class</li><li>[[wilsonistic|wilsonistic]] - [[Margo_Schulter|Margo Schulter]]'s Wilsonistic Pivot on C<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/wilson/daily20101225--wilsonistic_pivot_C-ji.mp3 A Blue Christmas for Erv]</li></ul></li><li>[[yekta|yekta]] - Rauf Yekta's 12-tone tuning suggested in 1922 Lavignac Music Encyclopedia</li><li>[[young-lm_piano|young-lm_piano]]- La Monte Young's scale from "The Well-Tuned Piano"</li><li>[[zeta12|zeta12]] - Margo Schulter's Zeta Centauri tuning, inspired by Kraig Grady's Centaur</li></ul>     
* [[Rectoo]] – Hahn reduced circle of fifths via &lt;12 19 27 34|
[[Category:12-tone]]
* [[Secor5_23TX]] – [[George Secor]]'s synchronous 5/23-comma temperament extraordinaire
[[Category:gallery]]
 
[[Category:ji]]
== Chord-based (eg [[tritriadic scale|tritriadic]], [[tetrachord|tetrachordal]]) ==
[[Category:just]]
* [[Cv_scales|Cv scales]] [[Periodic_scale|epimorphic scales]] with three major and two minor tetrads
[[Category:list]]
* [[Hahn_7|Hahn_7]] [[Paul Hahn]]'s scale with 32 consonant 7-limit dyads. TL '99
[[Category:listen]]
* [[Major_clus|Major clus]] – Chalmers' Major Mode Cluster
[[Category:scale]]
* [[Major_wing|Major wing]] – Chalmers' Major Wing with 7 major and 6 minor triads
[[Category:scales]]
* [[Max_scales|Max scales]] – 31 dyads 26 triads 6 tetrads 2 pentads
* [[Minor_clus|Minor clus]] – Chalmers' Minor Mode Cluster, Genus [333335]
* [[Minor_wing|Minor wing]] – Chalmers' Minor Wing with 7 minor and 6 major triads
* [[Barton]] – [[Jacob Barton]], tetratetradic scale on 6:7:9:11
 
== [[Detempering]]-based ==
* [[Duodene_skew]] – rotated duodene = magsyn3
* [[Pre-archytas]] – tuning  
* [[Mohajira-to-slendro]] – Dudon's "From Mohajira to Aeolian and Slendros"by [[Gene Ward Smith]]
** [[Chris Vaisvil]], [http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/pre-archytas-hobbit/daily20110621_zither_ji.mp3 Just Zither Me] [http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=983 (details)]
* [[Septimal Canright]] – A 7-limit detemper of 12edo used by [[David Canright]]
* [[Thirteendene]] – 2.3.5.7.13 marveldene transversal
 
=== [[Wakalix]]-based ===
* [[Collapsar]] – an 11-limit patent val superwakalix
* [[Domdimpajinjschis]] – superwakalix
* [[Domdimpajinjmean]] – superwakalix, same as miller7, parizek_ji1
 
== [[Erv Wilson]]-related ==
* [[Wilson_class|Wilson class]] – [[Erv Wilson]]'s class
* [[Wilson helix]]
* [[Wilsonistic]] – [[Margo Schulter]]'s Wilsonistic Pivot on C
* [[Wilson-middle-rank-12]] – Wilson 7-limit, 12-note middle rank of 22 [[marimba]] scale
** Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/wilson/daily20101225--wilsonistic_pivot_C-ji.mp3 A Blue Christmas for Erv]
 
=== [[CPS]]-based ===
* [[Bihexany]] – hole around [0, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2]
* [[User:BudjarnLambeth/435zpi|CPS (1 of 3 5 9 11 15 19 25 27 29 33 37 41) (untempered ver.)]]
* [[User:BudjarnLambeth/435zpi|CPS (11 of 3 5 9 11 15 19 25 27 29 33 37 41) (untempered ver.)]]
* [[Dekany-cs]] [[Combination_product_sets|Cps]]({1,3,7,9,11}, 2) union {77/72, 77/64}; Grady-Narushima
* [[Duohex]] – a scale with two hexanies
* [[Hexanys]] – 1.3.5.7.9 hexany
* [[Hexy]] – maximized 9-limit harmony containing a hexany
* [[Stelhex]] – stellated two out of 1 3 5 7 hexany
* [[Stelhex2]] – stellated two out of 1 3 5 9 hexany
* [[Stelhex5]] – stellated two out of 1 3 7 9 hexany, stellation is degenerate
 
== [[Fokker block]]-based ==
* [[Augdommean]] – Fokkerization of Centaur
* [[Johnston]] [[Ben Johnston]]'s combined otonal-utonal 11-limit Fokker block
 
== [[Historical temperaments|History]]-related ==
* [[Bozuji Tuning]] [[Bostjan Zupancic]]'s tuning based on combining the ideas of ergotonics (i.e. defining tones by their musical functionality), adaptive step sizes (i.e., defining steps rather than intervals), and the further extrapolation of [[Gioseffo Zarlino]]'s expansion of the Ptolemeic JI scale.
* [[Malcolm (scale)|Malcolm]] – [[Alexander Malcolm]]'s Monochord (1721)
* [[Malcolm2]] – Alexander Malcolm's 1721 scale
* [[Ptolex]] – [[Jon Lyle Smith]]'s extended septimal Ptolemy
** Jon Lyle Smith, [http://www.notonlymusic.com/board/download/file.php?id=1993 Te Deum Laudamus]
* [[Ramis]] – monochord of Ramos de Pareja (Ramis de Pareia), Musica practica (1482)
** [http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Curley/Zach%20Curley%20-%20Impromptu%20in%20F%20Minor.mp3 Impromptu in F Minor] by [[Zach Curley]]
* [[Secor5_23TX]] – [[George Secor]]'s synchronous 5/23-comma temperament extraordinaire
 
== [[Hobbit]]s, [[dwarves]] & related ==
* [[Centaur]] – a 7-limit tuning [http://www.anaphoria.com/centaur.html discovered by Kraig Grady]
** Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/centaur_tuning/daily20100823-centaur-ver2.mp3 Centaur’s Pasture]
* [[Duodene]] – the Ellis duodene = Dwarf(&lt;12 19 28|) = syndie3 = Euler(675) = Gandhar tuning
* [[Dwarf12_7]] – the 7-limit 12-note dwarf
* [[Dwarf12_11]] – the 11-limit 12-note dwarf
* [[Hobbit_11_limit|Hobbit 11-limit]] – Chris Vaisvil's 11 limit JI hobbit
** Chris Vaisvil, [http://chrisvaisvil.com/the-forgotten-glory-of-wolfs-motor-court/ The Forgotten Glory of Wolf’s Motor Court] [http://micro.soonlabel.com/hobbit_scales/20130923_hobbit_11_limit.mp3 (play)]
 
== Originating from a composition ==
* [[Biggulp]] – Big Gulp tuning
** Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/tuning-survey/daily20100611-Big%20Gulp.mp3 improv] [http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=164 (details)]
* [[Harrison_cinna]] – [[Lou Harrison]], "Incidental Music for Corneille's Cinna"
* [[User:Tristanbay/Margo Scale|Margo Scale]] – 13-limit subgroup detempering of [[Subgroup temperaments#Pepperoni|Pepperoni]] used in a song by [[User:Tristanbay|Tristan Bay]]
* [[Oljare]] – Mats Öljare, scale for "Tampere" (2001)
* [[Prentwind]] – [[Prent Rodgers]]' scale for [http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Rodgers/prentrodgers+dryholecanyonforwoodwindquintet.mp3 Dry Hole Canyon for Woodwind Quintet]
* [[Riley_rosary|Riley rosary]] [[Terry Riley]], tuning for Cactus Rosary (1993)
* [[Sevish (scale)|sevish]] – [[Sean Archibald]] (Sevish)'s scale for [https://www.archive.org/download/FNet021/02.Sevish-Trapped_in_a_Cycle.mp3 Trapped in a Cycle]
* [[Simp12]] – Stiltner-Vaisvil 12 note 2.3.5.7.13 scale
** [http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/JI/simpl10plus13.mp3 Simpl10plus13] by Chris Vaisvil
* [[Young-lm_piano]] [[La Monte Young]]'s scale from "The Well-Tuned Piano"
 
== Overtone/undertone-based scales ==
* [[Carlos_harm|Carlos harm]] [[Wendy Carlos]] Harmonic Scale
** Chris Vaisvil, [http://micro.soonlabel.com/carlos-harmonic/daily20090806-piano-valles-marineris-harmonic-wah.mp3 Valles Marineris]
* [[Genovese_12]] – [[Denny Genovese]]'s superposition of harmonics 8-16 and subharmonics 6-12
* [[Otones12-24]] – a.k.a. Mode 12 of the [[OverToneSeries|Harmonic Series]]
 
== [[Subgroup]]- or [[limit]]- based ==
''(Only added to this subheading if it doesn't belong under another subheading.)''
* [[Bicycle]] – [[George Secor]]'s (also Wilson's and Heathwaite's) 13-limit harmonic bicycle
* [[Bluesji]] [[Graham Breed]]'s Blues scale in a 7-limit JI version
* [[Canton]] – a 2.3.11/7.13/7 subgroup scale
* [[Locomotive]] – a 2.9.11.13 subgroup scale
* [[Mdevelde]] – a 2.3.5.19 subgroup scale
* [[Nofives]] a 3 &amp; 7 scale discovered by Gene Ward Smith
** Aaron Krister Johnson, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7mxHWdkV04 piano improvisation]
* [[Omaha]] – a 2.3.11 subgroup scale
* [[Portsmouth]] a 2.3.7.11 subgroup scale
* [[Serafini-11]] – Serafini's [http://electro-music.com/forum/topic-14631.html 11's chromatic scale], an 11-limit tuning discovered by [[Carlo Serafini]]
* [[Steel]] – an 11-limit tuning discovered by [[Lou Harrison]] and [[Bill Slye]]
** see David B. Doty's [http://www.dbdoty.com/SteelSuiteIntro.html Steel Suite]
* [[Terrain]] – in effect a generated scale in 2.9/5.9/7 subgroup
* [[Unimajor]] – a 2.3.11/7 subgroup scale
 
== Others ==
* [[12highschool1]] – first 12-note highschool scale
* [[12highschool2]] – second 12-note highschool scale
* [[44_39-12]] – 12-note chromatic tuning with 352:351, 364:363 by [[Margo Schulter]]
* [[Blue-ji]] – [[John O'Sullivan]] and [[Carl Lumma]]
** [https://alonetone.com/vaisvil/tracks/sweeneys-agony-remix-by-johnny-pumphandle.mp3 Sweeney's Agony]
** [http://micro.soonlabel.com/blue-tuning/daily20110119-atonement-in-blue-JI.mp3 Atonement to a Centaur]
* [[Breedball3]] – the third breed ball around 49/40-7/4
* [[Chalmers_ji1.scl|Chalmers_ji1]] – based loosely on Wronski's and similar JI scales
* [[Eagle 53|Eagle JI]] - [[John O'Sullivan]]
* [[Glumma]] – a &lt;12 19 27 34|-epimorphic rectangular scale
* [[Hahn12]] – [[Hahn-reduced]] 12 note scale
* [[HahnZ|HahnZ]] – [[Paul Hahn]]'s scale Z, TL '99
* [[Harrisonm_rev]] – [[Michael Harrison]]'s [http://www.michaelharrison.com/harmonic-tunings.html Revelation Tuning]
* [[Part12]] – 9+3=12 partition scale &lt;12 19 27| epimorphic
* [[Pris]] – optimized (15/14)^3 (16/15)^4 (21/20)^3 (25/24)^2 scale
* [[Prism]] – [[Carl Lumma]] scale
* [[Sonbirkezsorted]] Sonbirkez Huzzam scale
* [[Yekta]] – [[Rauf Yekta]]'s 12-tone tuning suggested in 1922 Lavignac Music Encyclopedia
* [[Zeta12]] – Margo Schulter's Zeta Centauri tuning, inspired by [[Kraig Grady]]'s Centaur
 
{{Navbox scale gallery}}
 
[[Category:Lists of scales|12-tone just intonation scales]]
[[Category:12-tone scales| ]]
[[Category:Just intonation scales| ]]
[[Category:Listen]]

Latest revision as of 23:17, 15 August 2025

Just intonation is an infinite universe. A justly-intoned pentatonic can be very effective in the hands of a sensitive composer, and in this electronic age that same composer on another day can use a scale with hundreds of notes in an octave.

One approach to making just intonation not only practical but easy is to map an octave-repeating 12-tone JI scale to a standard keyboard. This page collects some of these scales, and a companion page does the same for tempered scales.

Interval circle-based

Chord-based (eg tritriadic, tetrachordal)

Detempering-based

Wakalix-based

Erv Wilson-related

CPS-based

Fokker block-based

History-related

Hobbits, dwarves & related

Originating from a composition

Overtone/undertone-based scales

Subgroup- or limit- based

(Only added to this subheading if it doesn't belong under another subheading.)

Others