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Pianos, harpsichords and organs are suited for microtonal music insofar as the strings/pipes can, within limits, be tuned to anything desired. The probability that tuning issues arise with these instruments is even slightly higher than average since there is often "old" music (baroque and older, from the pre-well-tempered age) being played on them.
'''Keyboard''' instruments such as [[piano]]s, harpsichords and organs are suited for microtonal music insofar as the strings/pipes can, within limits, be tuned to anything desired. The probability that tuning issues arise with these instruments is even slightly higher than average since there is often "old" music (baroque and older, from the pre-well-tempered age) being played on them.


For electronic instruments (synthesizers), there is, in theory, absolute freedom for the pitches anyway — not in practice, though. But nowadays, many synthesizers have a built-in retuning functionality.
For electronic instruments (synthesizers), there is, in theory, absolute freedom for the pitches anyway – not in practice, though. But nowadays, many synthesizers have a built-in retuning functionality.


A potential source for troubles is the traditional keyboard design, the [[Halberstadt keyboard]], which is optimized for diatonic scales and 12 tones per octave. For microtonal music with not more than 12 tones per octave, this is not such a problem — fingerings for non-standard scales can be learned. But it can become a problem if you need more than 12 tones per octave, or even want a [[nonoctave]] tuning, such as [[Bohlen–Pierce]] or one of [[Wendy Carlos]]'s equal-step scales. Fortunately, there exist several solutions to this problem.
A potential source for troubles is the traditional keyboard design, the [[Halberstadt keyboard]], which is optimized for diatonic scales and 12 tones per octave. For microtonal music with not more than 12 tones per octave, this is not such a problem – fingerings for non-standard scales can be learned. But it can become a problem if you need more than 12 tones per octave, or even want a [[nonoctave]] tuning, such as [[Bohlen–Pierce]] or one of [[Wendy Carlos]]'s equal-step scales. Fortunately, there exist several solutions to this problem.


== Strategies for more than 12 tones per octave ==
== Strategies for more than 12 tones per octave ==
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Of course, each keyboard's tuning does not have to be 12edo, but choosing a 12-tone octave-repeating scale has its advantages. The keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave, and the pitches typically need only minor retuning. This is not unimportant for acoustical instruments, where we usually have physical limits to the amount a pitch can be retuned. For this reason, this approach is widely used, especially in the field of contemporary classical music. As for synthesizers, a compatibility list for various models can be found at [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com Microtonal Synthesis].
Of course, each keyboard's tuning does not have to be 12edo, but choosing a 12-tone octave-repeating scale has its advantages. The keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave, and the pitches typically need only minor retuning. This is not unimportant for acoustical instruments, where we usually have physical limits to the amount a pitch can be retuned. For this reason, this approach is widely used, especially in the field of contemporary classical music. As for synthesizers, a compatibility list for various models can be found at [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com Microtonal Synthesis].


The main disadvantage of this solution is, of course, that you need several keyboards. In the case of acoustic pianos, this means in practice that the maximal number of pitches per octave you can obtain is limited - to the number of pianos you can put on the stage together... [http://www.allmusic.com/composition/arc-en-ciel-for-6-grand-pianos-in-12-tone-tuning-mc0002707751 ''Arc-en-ciel''] by [[Ivan Wyschnegradsky]], for example, a piece in [[72edo]], is written for six (!) pianos, and [http://www.universaledition.com/Georg-Friedrich-Haas/komponisten-und-werke/komponist/278/werk/13386 "Limited approximations" by [[Georg Friedrich Haas]], in 72edo as well, needs the same number of pianos and moreover a whole orchestra...
The main disadvantage of this solution is, of course, that you need several keyboards. In the case of acoustic pianos, this means in practice that the maximal number of pitches per octave you can obtain is limited – to the number of pianos you can put on the stage together… [http://www.allmusic.com/composition/arc-en-ciel-for-6-grand-pianos-in-12-tone-tuning-mc0002707751 ''Arc-en-ciel''] by [[Ivan Wyschnegradsky]], for example, a piece in [[72edo]], is written for six (!) pianos, and [http://www.universaledition.com/Georg-Friedrich-Haas/komponisten-und-werke/komponist/278/werk/13386 ''Limited approximations'']{{dead link}} by [[Georg Friedrich Haas]], in 72edo as well, needs the same number of pianos and moreover a whole orchestra…


Electronic keyboards sometimes have the possibility to play in "split" mode, i.e. the upper and the lower half of the keyboard can send to different midi channels. Some keyboards offer up to 4 split areas. In this case, you need only one keyboard - but you still have the disadvantage of having to jump between the areas.
Electronic keyboards sometimes have the possibility to play in "split" mode, i.e. the upper and the lower half of the keyboard can send to different midi channels. Some keyboards offer up to 4 split areas. In this case, you need only one keyboard – but you still have the disadvantage of having to jump between the areas.


* [[SeventeenTonePianoProject#pianotuningdetails|12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 17edo]]
* [[SeventeenTonePianoProject#pianotuningdetails|12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 17edo]]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8gusUyO1Ts Piano cover of ''In the Bleak Midwinter''] by [[Stephen Weigel]] (based on Jacob Collier's cover)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8gusUyO1Ts Piano cover of ''In the Bleak Midwinter''] by [[Stephen Weigel]] (based on Jacob Collier's cover)


This is, however, not a particularly easy way to do it...
This is, however, not a particularly easy way to do it…


=== Dynamic tunings ===
=== Dynamic tunings ===
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== List of alternative keyboards ==
== List of alternative keyboards ==
'''See also this giant <big>[https://www.kvraudio.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=594460 List of MPE Hardware Controllers (www.kvraudio.com/forum)]</big>'''
''See also this giant [https://www.kvraudio.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=594460 List of MPE Hardware Controllers (www.kvraudio.com/forum)]''.


=== Generalized keyboards ===
=== Generalized keyboards ===
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! Price
! Price
|-
|-
| [https://www.lumatone.io/ Lumatone] / [http://www.terpstrakeyboard.com Terpstra keyboard]
| [https://www.lumatone.io/ Lumatone] / [http://www.terpstrakeyboard.com Terpstra Keyboard]
| Cortex design
| Lumatone Inc. / Cortex Design
| Hexagonal tiling, customizable layout (default: Bosanquet)
| Hexagonal tiling, customizable layout (default: Bosanquet)
| 280
| 280
| In production
| In production
| $3,999
| $4,250 USD
|-
|-
|[[User:Tristanbay|TS-41]]
| [https://deltarational.com/product/ts41-midi-keyboard/ TS41]
|Tristan Bay
| Delta Rational / [[Tristan Bay]]
|Bosanquet
| Bosanquet
|126
| 126
|In production
| In production
|$130
| $139 USD
|-
|-
|[https://richiegreene.com/instruments/ Cimbalo Cromatico]
| [https://richiegreene.com/instruments/ Cimbalo Cromatico]
|Richie Greene
| Richie Greene
|Split-key Halberstadt (two layouts, 17-tone and 19-tone)
| Split-key Halberstadt (two layouts, 17-tone and 19-tone)
|32
| 32
|In production
| In production
|$120
| $120 USD<br>$40 USD (Build Kit)
|-
|-
| [https://www.striso.org/ Striso board]
| [https://www.striso.org/ Striso board]
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| 61
| 61
| In production
| In production
| €480
| €544 (EU + VAT)<br>€449 (Worldwide)
|-
|-
| [https://dualo.com/en/exquis/ Exquis]
| [https://dualo.com/en/exquis/ Exquis]
| Dualo
| Intuitive Instruments
| Hexagonal tiling, dualo layout (major 3rd × semitone)
| Hexagonal tiling, Dualo layout (major 3rd × semitone)
| 61
| 61
| In production
| In production
| €299
| €299
|-
|-
| [http://monome.org/ monome grid]
| [http://monome.org/ monome grid one]
| monome
| monome
| Square tiling, mapping by coordinates (no default mapping)
| 16×8 square tiling, mapping by coordinates (no default mapping)
| 128 (formerly 64, 128 or 256)
| 128
| In production
| In production
| $600
| $800
|-
| [http://monome.org/ monome grid zero]
| monome
| 16×16 square tiling, mapping by coordinates (no default mapping)
| 256
| In production
| $1500
|-
|-
| [http://verticalkeyboards.com/keyboardoptions/microtonalkeyboards/index.html Vertical keyboard (Elaine Walker)]
| [http://verticalkeyboards.com/keyboardoptions/microtonalkeyboards/index.html Vertical keyboard (Elaine Walker)]
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| 1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern
| 1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern
| 61, 76 or 88
| 61, 76 or 88
|In production
| In production
|
|
|-
|-
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| Jankó
| Jankó
| 203
| 203
|In production
| In production
|
|
|-
|-
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| Jankó
| Jankó
| 243
| 243
|In production
| In production
|
|
|-
|-
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/zboard2424/ ZBoard 24×24]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/zboard1224/ ZBoard 12x24]
| Starr Labs
| Starr Labs
| Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)
| Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)
| 576
| 288
| In production
| In production
| $7,995
| $3,995 USD
|-
|-
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/zboard/ ZBoard 12x24]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/zboard2424/ ZBoard 24×24]
| Starr Labs
| Starr Labs
| Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)
| Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)
| 288
| 576
| In production
| In production
| $3,495
| $9,495 USD
|-
|-
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/microzone-u648/ Microzone U-648]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/microzone-u648/ MicroZone U-648]
| Starr Labs
| Starr Labs
| Bosanquet
| Bosanquet
| 288
| 288
| In production
| In production
| $3,495
| $3,495 USD
|-
|-
| [http://www.starrlabs.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=69/microzone-u-648&product_id=67 Microzone U-990]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/microzone-u990/ MicroZone U-990]
| Starr Labs
| Starr Labs
| Bosanquet
| Bosanquet
| 810
| 810
|
| In production
|
| $9,895 USD
|-
|-
| [http://www.shapeofmusic.com/ Opal Chameleon, Opal Gekko]
| [http://www.shapeofmusic.com/ Opal Chameleon, Opal Gekko]
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| Harmonic table
| Harmonic table
| 192
| 192
|In production
| In production
|
|
|-
|-
| [https://dualo.com/en/dualo Dualo Du-Touch S]
| [https://dualo.com/en/dualo Dualo Du-Touch S]
| Dualo
| Intuitive Instruments
| Hexagonal tiling, multiple layouts: dualo (major 3rd × semitone), diatonic dualo, Jankó, chromatic accordion
| Hexagonal tiling, multiple layouts: dualo (major 3rd × semitone), diatonic dualo, Jankó, chromatic accordion
| 52
| 52
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| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| 422
| 422
| No longer produced (as of 2014)
| No longer produced
|
|
|-
|-
Line 223: Line 230:
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| 844
| 844
| No longer produced (as of 2014)
| No longer produced
|
|
|-
|-
Line 230: Line 237:
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| 1266
| 1266
| No longer produced (as of 2014)
| No longer produced
|
|
|-
|-
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| Various (hexagonal, rectangular, 1-dimensional et al.) XXX
| Various (hexagonal, rectangular, 1-dimensional et al.) XXX
| XXX
| XXX
|No longer produced
| No longer produced
|
|
|-
|-
| [http://www.lippenskeyboard.com/ Lippens Keyboard]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20200223142426/http://www.lippenskeyboard.com/ Lippens Keyboard]
| Lippens
| Lippens
| Jankó
| Jankó
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| 98
| 98
| No longer produced
| No longer produced
|
| $495 USD
|-
|-
| [http://www.c-thru-music.com/cgi/?page=prod_axis-64 AXiS-64]
| [http://www.c-thru-music.com/cgi/?page=prod_axis-64 AXiS-64]
Line 266: Line 273:
| 114
| 114
| Never produced
| Never produced
|
| N/A
|-
|-
| [http://metatonalmusic.com/ Metatonal Keyboard]
| [http://metatonalmusic.com/ Metatonal Keyboard]
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|  
|  
| Never produced
| Never produced
|
| N/A
|}
|}


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! Manufacturer
! Manufacturer
!layout
!layout
!No. of "keys"
! No. of "keys"
!Price
! Price
|-
|-
| [http://www.hakenaudio.com Continuum Fingerboard]
| [https://www.hakenaudio.com/continuum-introduction Continuum Fingerboard]
| rowspan="2" | Haken Audio
| rowspan="2" | Haken Audio
| rowspan="2" |Halberstadt
| rowspan="2" | Halberstadt
|69
| 45 or 69
|$4910-$6510
| $4910 or $6510 USD
|-
|-
|ContinuuMini
|[https://www.hakenaudio.com/continuumini-introduction ContinuuMini]
|45
| 45
|$999
| $999 USD
|-
|-
|[https://roli.com/us/product/seaboard-2 Seaboard 2] and others
| [https://roli.com/us/product/seaboard-2 Seaboard 2]
| rowspan="2" |Roli
| rowspan="2" |ROLI
| rowspan="2" |Halberstadt
| rowspan="2" |Halberstadt
|49
| 49
|$1399
| $1399 USD
|-
|-
|Seaboard M
| [https://roli.com/us/experience/seaboard-m Seaboard M]
|24
| 24
|$349
| $349 USD
|-
|-
| [https://www.rogerlinndesign.com/linnstrument LinnStrument]
| [https://www.rogerlinndesign.com/linnstrument LinnStrument]
| Roger Linn Design
| Roger Linn Design
|Square layout, 8 rows
| Square layout, 8 rows
|128 or 200
| 128 or 200
|$1649 or $1149
| $1149 or $1649 USD
|-
|-
| [http://madronalabs.com/hardware SoundPlane A]
| [http://madronalabs.com/hardware Soundplane Model A]
| Madrona Labs
| Madrona Labs
|Rectangular layout
| Rectangular layout
|150
| 150
|$1895 Canadian
| $1895 CAD
|-
|-
| [http://www.doepfer.de/R2M.htm R2M Ribbon Controller]
| [http://www.doepfer.de/R2M.htm R2M Ribbon Controller]
| Doepfer
| Doepfer
|One-dimensional
| One-dimensional
|N/A
| N/A
|$200
| €320
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Product
! Product
!Manufacturer
! Manufacturer
!Layout
! Layout
!No. of "keys"
! No. of "keys"
!Price
! Price
|-
|-
|7-limit Mosaichord
| [https://desideratasystems.com/mosaichord.html Seven Limit Mosaichord]
|Desiderata Systems
| Desiderata Systems
|Voronoi
| Voronoi
|113 (4 octaves)
| 113 (4 octaves)
|$800
| $800 USD
|-
|-
|[https://global.novationmusic.com/en/launch/launchpad-pro Launchpad Pro]
| [https://global.novationmusic.com/en/launch/launchpad-pro Launchpad Pro]
|Novation
| Novation
|8x8
| 8×8
|64 + 17 control keys
| 64 + 17 control keys
|
| $389 USD
|-
|-
|[https://www.behringer.com/behringer/product?modelCode=P0AJD CMD LC-1]
| [https://www.behringer.com/behringer/product?modelCode=P0AJD CMD LC-1]
|Behringer
| Behringer
|4x8
| 4×8
|32 + 20 control keys
| 32 + 20 control keys
|
| $99 USD
|}
|}


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Touchscreens in general:
Touchscreens in general:


* [[Wikipedia: Touchscreen#Technologies]]
* [[Wikipedia: Touchscreen #Technologies]]
* Here's an article discussing available touch screen technologies per 2010: http://www.eizoglobal.com/library/basics/basic_understanding_of_touch_panel/
* Here's an article discussing available touch screen technologies per 2010: http://www.eizoglobal.com/library/basics/basic_understanding_of_touch_panel/
* Some more overview: http://www.elotouch.com/Products/detech2.asp
* Some more overview: http://www.elotouch.com/Products/detech2.asp
Retrieved from "https://en.xen.wiki/w/Keyboard"