Pre-Columbian South American music

Pre-Columbian South American music is loosely based around a pentatonic scale.^{[citation needed]} Whether or not this scale deviates from the contemporary 12-equal pentatonic scale is up for debate, though there is much speculation and research indicating that the Natives did not strictly adhere to a single fixed-tuning of this pentatonic scale.^{[citation needed]}

Multimedia sources

• Music of El Dorado (audio examples)
• Music from the Land of the Jaguar (audio and pictures)
• [https://folkways.si.edu/jorje-daher/pre-columbian-instruments-of-mexico/american-indian-music-instruction-world/album/smithsonian

Jorje Daher, Pre-Columbian Instruments of Mexico] (1972) (audio)

• José Pérez De Arce, Instrumentos precolombinos (1982) (audio)

Reading list

• Karl G. Izikowitz, Musical and Other Sound Instruments of the South American Indians (1934)
• Robert Stevenson, Music in Aztec and Inca Territory (1968)
• Harcourt, Raoul d' and Marguerite d'. La mú sica de los Incas y sus supervivencias. Lima: Occidental Petroleum Corp. of Peru. (1990)
• Bejar, Ana Maria, and Raúl R. Romero. Música, danzas, y máscaras en los Andes. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: Instituto Riva-Aguero, Proyecto de Preservación de la Música Tradicional Andina. (1993)
• Pre-Columbian Music Of South America - Encyclopedia.com