Keyboard

Keyboard instruments such as pianos, harpsichords and organs are suited for microtonal music insofar as the strings/pipes can, within limits, be tuned to anything desired. The probability that tuning issues arise with these instruments is even slightly higher than average since there is often "old" music (baroque and older, from the pre-well-tempered age) being played on them.

For electronic instruments (synthesizers), there is, in theory, absolute freedom for the pitches anyway – not in practice, though. But nowadays, many synthesizers have a built-in retuning functionality.

A potential source for troubles is the traditional keyboard design, the Halberstadt keyboard, which is optimized for diatonic scales and 12 tones per octave. For microtonal music with not more than 12 tones per octave, this is not such a problem – fingerings for non-standard scales can be learned. But it can become a problem if you need more than 12 tones per octave, or even want a nonoctave tuning, such as Bohlen–Pierce or one of Wendy Carlos's equal-step scales. Fortunately, there exist several solutions to this problem.

Strategies for more than 12 tones per octave

Multiple keyboards

One solution is to use several keyboards whose keys are slightly detuned against each other. This solution was namely used by several classical composers in the 20th century, including Alois Hába, Charles Ives and Ivan Wyschnegradsky, usually with a 12edo tuning on each keyboard, but with different reference pitches. 24edo can be achieved by tuning two keyboards a quarter tone apart from each other, 36edo by tuning three keyboards separated by sixth tones, and so on.

Of course, each keyboard's tuning does not have to be 12edo, but choosing a 12-tone octave-repeating scale has its advantages. The keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave, and the pitches typically need only minor retuning. This is not unimportant for acoustical instruments, where we usually have physical limits to the amount a pitch can be retuned. For this reason, this approach is widely used, especially in the field of contemporary classical music. As for synthesizers, a compatibility list for various models can be found at Microtonal Synthesis.

The main disadvantage of this solution is, of course, that you need several keyboards. In the case of acoustic pianos, this means in practice that the maximal number of pitches per octave you can obtain is limited – to the number of pianos you can put on the stage together… Arc-en-ciel by Ivan Wyschnegradsky, for example, a piece in 72edo, is written for six (!) pianos, and Limited approximations^{[dead link]} by Georg Friedrich Haas, in 72edo as well, needs the same number of pianos and moreover a whole orchestra…

Electronic keyboards sometimes have the possibility to play in "split" mode, i.e. the upper and the lower half of the keyboard can send to different midi channels. Some keyboards offer up to 4 split areas. In this case, you need only one keyboard – but you still have the disadvantage of having to jump between the areas.

• 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 17edo
• 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 19edo
• 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 22edo
• 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 24edo
• 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 41edo^{[dead link]}

Full keyboard retuning

Tune each key of the keyboard to a different pitch. The pitches of the keys keep the property of being arranged in ascending order, but the octave pattern will be different, and there are larger amounts of retuning required. In addition, this method usually reduces the interval size you can play with a single hand, because pitches are more spaced out.

Some synthesizers support full keyboard retuning, but not all. A compatibility list for various models can be found at Microtonal Synthesis. Synthesizers supporting only 12-tone octave-repeating scales can be brought to support full keyboard scales with the help of the Midi Integrator software, or the alt-tuner software. Some virtual instruments, such as PianoTeq, also provide support for full keyboard retuning regardless of the physical controller used with it.

A possible "full keyboard scales" piano tuning for 22edo, mapping two keyboard octaves to one acoustic octave, is described in Paul Erlich's paper on 22edo, on page 11.

In the case of acoustic instruments such as pianos, tuning full keyboard scales may even require major changes in construction. It has been done, however, to build instruments such as 96edo pianos.

Modulation wheel

Synthesizers, even without retuning functionality, often have a special functionality that is principally also suited for microtonality: the modulation wheel. Here are a few impressive examples of how to make microtonal music with the modulation wheel:

• Spiros Kottis by timomusic^{[dead link]}
• Piano cover of In the Bleak Midwinter by Stephen Weigel (based on Jacob Collier's cover)

This is, however, not a particularly easy way to do it…

Dynamic tunings

Some instruments allows their tuning to be changed "on the fly", allowing access to more than 12 notes, although not all at once. The main advantage is that the keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave. The main disadvantages is that certain melodies will be unplayable, such as a rapid passage using more than 12 notes.

For example, the Turkish kanun is a diatonic instrument like a hammer dulcimer, but plucked, not struck. Each set of strings has a set of mandals, a tiny lever which when flipped changes the length of the string and microtonally changes the pitch. It's analogous to the sharpening levers on the celtic harp, but there are mote than one lever per string, and they sharpen considerably less than a semitone.

The easiest way to experiment with dynamic tunings is with midi keyboards and software. Scala and Lil' Miss Scale Oven have limited dynamic tuning ability. Alt-tuner allows retuning of individual notes (choosing among various ratios or among various EDO degrees), modulating to different keys (either by a specific interval, or to a specific note, or to the current bass note), and switching to completely different tunings. All this can be done via keyswitches, foot pedals, the mod wheel, or any control that generates a midi signal. These midi signals can come from any midi device, such as a 2nd keyboard, or even the computer's QWERTY keyboard. Technique-wise, using keyswitches would be similar to using mandals or sharpening levers, and using footpedals would be similar to using the classical harp's pedals.

Alternative keyboards

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Isomorphic keyboard

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Category:Musical keyboard layouts

This is actually quite an old idea, since in many historical temperaments, there was a demand for differing between flats and sharps. Minor variations to the common Halberstadt layout, sometimes known as an enharmonic keyboard, have been used to accommodate extra keys for such purposes, such as split sharp keys. Denzil Wraight's website has some beautiful examples of historical harpsichords with up to 24 keys per octave. A list of existing church organs all over the world with split semitone keys can be found on Ibo Ortgies' homepage.

In modern times, the idea of alternative keyboards has come up again. Most alternative keyboard layouts can host the same fingering for multiple tunings, since most of them have been designed with 12edo in mind and can be generalized using the corresponding diatonic intervals. Many alternative keyboards are isomorphic keyboards, which allow layouts where each interval or chord has the same shape in every key. Any layout may be arranged in multiple ways on an actual instrument by changing the orientation of the layout, the number of keys, the angle between the axes, the key colors, etc.

Isomorphic keyboard layouts

Layout	Tiling	1st axis	2nd axis	Complementary axis
Bosanquet/Jankó	Hexagonal	Major 2nd	Minor 2nd	Augmented 1sn
Harmonic table	Hexagonal	Perfect 5th	Major 3rd	Minor 3rd
Wicki-Hayden	Hexagonal	Perfect 5th	Major 2nd	Perfect 4th
Chromatic accordion (types B/C)	Hexagonal	Minor 3rd	Major 2nd	Minor 2nd
Array mbira	Hexagonal-ish	Perfect 8ve	Perfect 5th	Perfect 4th

Another way to generalize the Halberstadt layout is to use a different MOS scale to determine the layout of white and black keys. Stephen Weigel has used such layouts in several of his YouTube videos, including hanson (4L 3s) and porcupine (7L 1s) layout for 15edo, mavila (7L 2s) layout for 16edo, etc.

For electronic music, there is meanwhile a number of generalized keyboards, see following list.

List of alternative keyboards

See also this giant List of MPE Hardware Controllers (www.kvraudio.com/forum).

Generalized keyboards

Product	Manufacturer	Layout	No. of keys	Availability	Price
Lumatone / Terpstra Keyboard	Lumatone Inc. / Cortex Design	Hexagonal tiling, customizable layout (default: Bosanquet)	280	In production	$4,250 USD
TS41	Delta Rational / Tristan Bay	Bosanquet	126	In production	$139 USD
Cimbalo Cromatico	Richie Greene	Split-key Halberstadt (two layouts, 17-tone and 19-tone)	32	In production	$120 USD $40 USD (Build Kit)
Striso board	Striso	Wicki-Hayden (but the tiling angle is not 60°)	61	In production	€544 (EU + VAT) €449 (Worldwide)
Exquis	Intuitive Instruments	Hexagonal tiling, Dualo layout (major 3rd × semitone)	61	In production	€299
monome grid one	monome	16×8 square tiling, mapping by coordinates (no default mapping)	128	In production	$800
monome grid zero	monome	16×16 square tiling, mapping by coordinates (no default mapping)	256	In production	$1500
Vertical keyboard (Elaine Walker)	Elaine Walker	1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern	61, 76 or 88	In production
Daskin 5	Daskin Manufacturing	Jankó	203	In production
Daskin 6	Daskin Manufacturing	Jankó	243	In production
ZBoard 12x24	Starr Labs	Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)	288	In production	$3,995 USD
ZBoard 24×24	Starr Labs	Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)	576	In production	$9,495 USD
MicroZone U-648	Starr Labs	Bosanquet	288	In production	$3,495 USD
MicroZone U-990	Starr Labs	Bosanquet	810	In production	$9,895 USD
Opal Chameleon, Opal Gekko	Opal	Harmonic table	192	In production
Dualo Du-Touch S	Intuitive Instruments	Hexagonal tiling, multiple layouts: dualo (major 3rd × semitone), diatonic dualo, Jankó, chromatic accordion	52	In production	€499
Tonal Plexus U-PLEX, TPX2, TPX2s	Hπ Instruments	Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205	422	No longer produced
Tonal Plexus TPX4	Hπ Instruments	Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205	844	No longer produced
Tonal Plexus TPX6, TPX6s	Hπ Instruments	Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205	1266	No longer produced
MiniMod	Hπ Instruments	Various (hexagonal, rectangular, 1-dimensional et al.) XXX	XXX	No longer produced
Lippens Keyboard	Lippens	Jankó	198	No longer produced
AXiS-49	C-Thru Music	Harmonic table	98	No longer produced	$495 USD
AXiS-64	C-Thru Music	Harmonic table	192	No longer produced
Thummer	Thumtronics	Wicki-Hayden	114	Never produced	N/A
Metatonal Keyboard	Metatonal Music (Ron Sword)	1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern		Never produced	N/A

Keyless controllers

Product	Manufacturer	layout	No. of "keys"	Price
Continuum Fingerboard	Haken Audio	Halberstadt	45 or 69	$4910 or $6510 USD
ContinuuMini			45	$999 USD
Seaboard 2	ROLI	Halberstadt	49	$1399 USD
Seaboard M			24	$349 USD
LinnStrument	Roger Linn Design	Square layout, 8 rows	128 or 200	$1149 or $1649 USD
Soundplane Model A	Madrona Labs	Rectangular layout	150	$1895 CAD
R2M Ribbon Controller	Doepfer	One-dimensional	N/A	€320

Pad controllers

Product	Manufacturer	Layout	No. of "keys"	Price
Seven Limit Mosaichord	Desiderata Systems	Voronoi	113 (4 octaves)	$800 USD
Launchpad Pro	Novation	8×8	64 + 17 control keys	$389 USD
CMD LC-1	Behringer	4×8	32 + 20 control keys	$99 USD

External links

• Microtonal Synthesis - a database of synthesizers, samplers, digital pianos, electronic instruments, portable keyboards, sound cards and software synthesizers with user programmable microtonal scales or tunings: just intonation, non-12 equal temperament, well temperament, xenharmonics, etc.
• Alternative Keyboards group (on Google groups)
• John Starrett on Completely Generalized Keyboards (Facebook Notes)
• Isomorphic keyboards on Reddit

DIY links

• Monome Gridkit: Monome DIY kit slashes price of pre-built one.
• TouchKeys Website: There's a mapping in the TouchKeys software which splits each key into multiple regions specifically for microtonal music.
• TouchKeys Kickstarter Campaign
• TouchKeys video demo (used to play Turkish maqam music)
• TouchKeys video demo in standalone mode (without a physical keyboard)

Touchscreens in general:

• Wikipedia: Touchscreen #Technologies
• Here's an article discussing available touch screen technologies per 2010: http://www.eizoglobal.com/library/basics/basic_understanding_of_touch_panel/
• Some more overview: http://www.elotouch.com/Products/detech2.asp
• Finally this one: http://www.cammaxlimited.co.uk/what-are-the-different-types-of-touchscreen/
• Multi-Touch Interaction Research (Jeff Han, New York University)

Touchscreen approaches:

• You could make something like this yourself (costs 15.000 dollars): http://youtu.be/UP9zt_JbrHI
• Acoustic Touch Demo: http://youtu.be/ZoAslMiukAQ
• Peau Productions sells affordable custom size infrared frames for diy solutions: http://youtu.be/C-R8PmaIy-w
• IR frames are pretty cool: http://youtu.be/ZOYDERT-p_g

Gesture-based controllers:

• You can use Kinect to make a "virtual keyboard" that only exists in "kinect space": http://youtu.be/ZqtrH5nQjFc
• Airpiano

Apple Magic Trackpad:

• What about the Apple Magic Trackpad? http://youtu.be/m9KdWuOTpMQ
• String a number of Trackpads together with this: http://store.apple.com/us/product/H3443ZM/A/twelve-south-magicwand
• Add a keyboard layout layer using something like this: http://www.amazon.com/Mobee-Technology-Magic-Numpad-Transparent/dp/B005M1777G#productDescription_secondary_view_pageState_1417265682123
• The software is already there for one Trackpad, so why not for more than one? http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/07/track-master-makes-your-trackpad-a-midi-controller-a-must-download-for-mac/

Mechanical keyboard switches:

• DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 1: http://youtu.be/KfjEYu79J-4
• DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 2: http://t.walyou.com/all/diy-isomorphic-keyboard#1
• DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 3: http://mods-n-hacks.wonderhowto.com/how-to/diy-illuminated-isomorphic-keyboard-changes-colors-as-you-play-music-0139583/
• Mechanical Keyboard Switches Guide 1: http://www.daskeyboard.com/blog/mechanical-keyboard-guide/
• Mechanical Keyboard Switches Guide 2: http://deskthority.net/wiki/Cherry_MX

Programming:

• Lemur Canvas Object lets you script custom widgets with full multitouch support: https://liine.net/en/products/lemur/

Hardware:

• Livid DIY platform for MIDI control surfaces: http://lividinstruments.com/products/builder/
• Madrona Labs DIY: http://madronalabs.com/DIY
• Midi boutique makes parts for Hπ Instruments: http://www.midiboutique.com
• DIY Keyboard Wiki: http://diykeyboard.wikidot.com

Other MIDI controllers:

• List of MIDI controllers on Synth Zone

Keyboard concepts

• New Keyboard (Johannes Kotschy)^{[dead link]}
• Dodeka keyboard