Delta-rational chord: Difference between revisions

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A '''delta-rational''' ('''DR''') chord is a [[chord]] that has integer ratios between frequency ''differences'' of some pair of ~~dyads~~, called '''deltas''', with the ~~dyads~~ in question assumed to be between successive notes (~~Δ~~, capital delta, is often used to denote "difference")~~. Here ''dyad'' refers not to a [[Dyad|chord of two pitch classes]], but to an interval between two notes~~.

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A '''delta-rational''' ('''DR''') chord is a [[chord]] that has integer ratios between frequency ''differences'' of some pair of intervals, called '''deltas''', with the intervals in question assumed to be between successive notes (Δ, capital delta, is often used to denote "difference").

DR chords ~~generalize~~ JI chords, in which all frequency differences of ~~dyads~~ are exactly integer ratios. But unlike JI chords, a DR chord need not have integer ratios between frequencies of notes. For example, the [[13edo]] chord {{dash|0, 3, 8, 10|med}}\13 ({{dash|0¢, ~~277¢~~, ~~738¢~~, ~~923¢~~|med}}) is close to being delta-rational, because the frequency difference of the ~~dyad 8–10~~\13 is 0.994 times the frequency difference of the ~~dyad 0–3~~\13. (In the exactly DR chord {{dash|0\13, 3\13, 8\13, 924.~~159¢~~|med}}, the 3rd and 4th notes have exactly the same frequency difference as the ~~dyad 0–3~~\13.)

DR chords are a generalization of JI chords, in which all frequency differences of intervals are exactly integer ratios. But unlike JI chords, a DR chord need not have integer ratios between frequencies of notes. For example, the [[13edo]] chord {{dash|0, 3, 8, 10|med}}\13 ({{dash|0{{c}}, 277{{c}}, 738{{c}}, 923{{c}}|med}}) is close to being delta-rational, because the frequency difference of the interval 8–10\13 is 0.994 times the frequency difference of the interval 0–3\13. (In the exactly DR chord {{dash|0\13, 3\13, 8\13, 924.159{{c}}|med}}, the 3rd and 4th notes have exactly the same frequency difference as the interval 0–3\13.)

[[JI]] chords and chords that are subsets of [[Delta-rational chord#Isodifferential chord|isodifferential chord]]s (these correspond to all chords of the form α : {{nowrap|α + ''k''1}} : ... : {{nowrap|α + ''k''''n''}} for any positive (possibly irrational) number α and integers ''k''1, ..., ''k''''n'') are special cases of delta-rational chords, but in these chords ''all'' ~~dyads~~ are rationally related in frequency space, which we call '''fully delta-rational''' (FDR).

[[JI]] chords and chords that are subsets of [[Delta-rational chord#Isodifferential chord|isodifferential chord]]s (these correspond to all chords of the form α : {{nowrap|α + ''k''1}} : ... : {{nowrap|α + ''k''''n''}} for any positive (possibly irrational) number α and integers ''k''1, ..., ''k''''n'') are special cases of delta-rational chords, but in these chords ''all'' intervals are rationally related in frequency space, which we call '''fully delta-rational''' (FDR).

Delta-rational chords provide a non-JI-based approach to concordance, since chords that are delta-rational with simple ratios between ~~dyads~~ (when measured as absolute frequency differences) tend to be perceived as more concordant than other chords. This acoustic effect is thought to be caused by synchronized interference beating among the fundamentals and among lower harmonics of the fundamentals; the effect may be more or less pronounced depending on register, timbre, the complexity of the linear relationship, etc. For example, the delta-rational acoustic effect is expected to be weaker in chords with wider voicings, as well as chords played in timbres with loud higher harmonics (because the higher harmonics would make the delta-rational relationships less obvious). The justification for only considering ~~dyads~~ between adjacent notes is that the resulting notes within the ~~dyads~~ could psychoacoustically interfere with the beating of the ~~dyads~~.

Delta-rational chords provide a non-JI-based approach to concordance, since chords that are delta-rational with simple ratios between intervals (when measured as absolute frequency differences) tend to be perceived as more concordant than other chords. This acoustic effect is thought to be caused by synchronized interference beating among the fundamentals and among lower harmonics of the fundamentals; the effect may be more or less pronounced depending on register, timbre, the complexity of the linear relationship, etc. For example, the delta-rational acoustic effect is expected to be weaker in chords with wider voicings, as well as chords played in timbres with loud higher harmonics (because the higher harmonics would make the delta-rational relationships less obvious). The justification for only considering intervals between adjacent notes is that the resulting notes within the intervals could psychoacoustically interfere with the beating of the intervals.

Inversions and revoicings of DR chords may not be DR, unlike the case with JI chords where inversions and revoicing of JI chords stay JI. However, unlike the case with most JI chords, a 2/1-equivalent [[MOS scale]] can tune a DR chord exactly, provided that the chord's delta signature specifies two integer entries.

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=== Delta signature ===

A delta-rational chord is determined by two things:

* The ~~dyad~~ formed by its lowermost two notes;

* The interval formed by its lowermost two notes;

* Its ''delta signature'' which has integer ratios, i.e. a list of (scaled) frequency increases between successive notes, their ratios showing the simple rational relationships, with a + before each increase. Note that it is whether the deltas are rationally related ''to each other'' that defines DR, not whether the deltas are related to the frequency of the root. If we divide every term by the first term to make the first term 1, the result is called a ''normalized delta signature''.

** Fully delta-rational chords always have a delta signature with no irrational ratios between terms.

* Two delta signatures are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by scaling by a positive real number. For example, +2+e+3 is equivalent to +2φ+eφ+3φ, and both signatures imply a delta-rational chord.

For example, a chord with a +1+2+1 delta signature is ''a'':({{nowrap|''a'' + 1}}):({{nowrap|''a'' + 3}}):({{nowrap|''a'' + 4}}) for some possibly irrational ''a''.

Deltas that are ''free'', i.e. not required to be related to any other deltas are indicated with +?. For example, saying that a tetrad is "{{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}" means the first two notes and the last two notes have almost equal frequency difference (thus the ratio between the differences is 1/1), but the middle two notes are not in any simple relationship with the two outer ~~dyads~~. The example 13edo chord is approximately {{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}.

Deltas that are ''free'', i.e. not required to be related to any other deltas are indicated with +?. For example, saying that a tetrad is "{{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}" means the first two notes and the last two notes have almost equal frequency difference (thus the ratio between the differences is 1/1), but the middle two notes are not in any simple relationship with the two outer intervals. The example 13edo chord is approximately {{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}.

If you have some sets of deltas related to each other but not to other sets of increments, you could write the related sets with variables a, b, c or use one fewer letter by writing one set with positive integers without variables: an {{nowrap|+a +b +a +b}} chord can also be written {{nowrap|+1 +c +1 +c}} where {{nowrap|c {{=}} b/a}}.

~~Fully delta-rational chords always have a delta signature with no irrational ratios between terms.~~

== Mathematical definitions ==

# A chord ~~C =~~ α1:...:α''n'' is ''delta-rational'' (DR) or ''partially delta-rational'' (PDR) when the chord has two distinct ~~dyads~~ α''k''1:α''k''2 and α''k''3:α''k''4, such that ~~the real intervals (~~α''k''1, α''k''2~~) and (~~α''k''3, α''k''4~~) are disjoint~~ and (α''k''2 ~~−~~ α''k''1)/(α''k''4 ~~−~~ α''k''3) is rational. Equivalently, a chord is delta-rational if it has a delta signature with some integers showing up.

# A chord α1:...:α''n'' is ''delta-rational'' (DR) or ''partially delta-rational'' (PDR) when the chord has two distinct intervals α''k''1:α''k''2 and α''k''3:α''k''4, such that α''k''1 < α''k''2 < α''k''3 < α''k''4 and (α''k''2 − α''k''1)/(α''k''4 − α''k''3) is rational. Equivalently, a chord is delta-rational if it has a delta signature with some integers showing up.

# When all ~~dyads~~ are linearly related, equivalently when the chord has a delta signature with all entries integers, we call the chord ''fully delta-rational'' (FDR)

# When all intervals are linearly related, equivalently when the chord has a delta signature with all entries integers, we call the chord ''fully delta-rational'' (FDR).

# A chord that has a delta signature with all entries +1 is called ''isodifferential'' or ''linear''.

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== Finding a tuning of a MOS scale with an exact DR chord ==

Let ''a'' and ''b'' be positive integers and suppose {{nowrap|gcd(''a'', ''b'') {{=}} 1}}. Let {{nowrap|''E'' > 1}} be the frequency ratio of the equave. Consider a MOS ''a'''''L'''''b'''''s'''{{angbr|''E''}} with generator range <math>I \subseteq (1, \sqrt{E})</math> (in the linear frequency domain), and consider a pair (~~{{nowrap|~~'''u''', '''v'''}}) of notes from the root of a given triad in the MOS, {{nowrap|'''0''' (unison) < '''u''' < '''v'''}}. Let '''p''', '''g''' be a basis formally representing the MOS scale's period and generator. Write

=== Layman guide ===

We start by choosing the [[MOS scale]] and equave, and the DR chord.

For example, with 5L 2s, the usual diatonic scale, and we want to approximate 4:5:6, the just major chord, with a delta-rational MOS chord.

Identify the mappings of each of the deltas. The deltas are 5/4, 6/5, 7/6. For a Meantone mapping, these are {{nowrap|''g''4/4 − 1}}, {{nowrap|''g'' − ''g''4/4}}. This is because in meantone, 1/1, 3/2, 5/4 are 1, ''g'', {{nowrap|''g''4/4}} respectively, so the deltas are identified by subtracting the each term with the one before it.

In this case, we want the difference between our deltas to become 1, so the delta signature will be +1+1.

To achieve this, we take the difference between the first two deltas and set it to zero, so {{nowrap|(''g''4/4 − 1) − (''g'' − ''g''4/4) {{=}} 0}}. Put in integer terms, it's {{nowrap|''g''4 − 2''g'' − 2 {{=}} 0}}. Solving for ''g'', the only root that makes sense is {{nowrap|''g'' ≈ 1.49453}}, which corresponds to 695.63{{c}}. And thus, with this generator, we will have a DR ~4:5:6 meantone chord.

Note that the equation to solve depends on what chord you want to tune as equal-beating. For example, assuming pure octaves, Meantone admits an equation for tuning the 3:4:5 as equal-beating: {{nowrap|''g''4 + 2''g'' − 8 {{=}} 0}} The latter equation has solution {{nowrap|''g'' {{=}} 1.4960 {{=}} 697.3{{c}}}}.

If instead we chose a Schismic mapping, the deltas would be {{nowrap|''g''8/8 − 1}} and {{nowrap|2/''g'' − ''g''8/8}}, which gives a generator of 498.308{{c}} for 4:5:6.

=== Mathematical definition ===

Let ''a'' and ''b'' be positive integers and suppose {{nowrap|gcd(''a'', ''b'') {{=}} 1}}. Let {{nowrap|''E'' > 1}} be the frequency ratio of the equave. Consider a MOS ''a'''''L''' ''b'''''s'''{{angbr|''E''}} with generator range <math>I \subseteq (1, \sqrt{E})</math> (in the linear frequency domain), and consider a pair ('''u''', '''v''') of notes from the root of a given triad in the MOS, {{nowrap|'''0''' (unison) < '''u''' < '''v'''}}. Let '''p''', '''g''' be a basis formally representing the MOS scale's period and generator. Write

<math>\begin{align}

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The existence of an exact tuning for a delta signature specification is only guaranteed to hold when we only care about a ratio between ''two'' terms in the delta signature being exact. If we want to optimize an arbitrary specified delta signature (with some deltas possibly held free), we can use a least-squares-error solution instead to minimize the error.

== ~~Least-squares error~~ ==

== Error measures ==

~~=== Fully DR ===~~

The idea motivating least-squares error on a chord as an approximation to a given delta signature is the following: Say we want the error of a chord 1:''r''1:''r''2:...:''r''''n'' (in increasing order), with {{~~nowrap~~|~~''n'' > 1}}, in the linear domain as an approximation to a fully delta-rational chord with signature {{nowrap|+δ1 +δ2 ... +δ''n''~~

~~}}, i.e. a chord~~

~~<math> x : x + \delta_1 : \cdots : x + \sum_{l=1}^n \delta_l.</math>~~

~~We can vary ''x'' and ask, "By at least how much (in the linear domain) does the approximating chord have to be off~~ for ~~any ''x'' > 0?" When a specific ''x'' > 0 achieves this minimum, the resulting chord with delta signature {{nowrap|+δ1 +δ2 ... +δ''n''~~

~~}} is taken to be the DR chord that is being approximated.~~

Rewriting a bit, suppose the chord that is considered the approximation is 1:''f''1:''f''2:...:''f''''n''. Let <math>D_i = \sum_{k=1}^i \delta_k</math> be the delta signature {{nowrap|+δ1 +δ2 ... +δ''n''

~~}} written cumulatively. Then the resulting linear least-squares optimization problem is~~

~~<math>~~

\displaystyle{ \underset{x}{\text{minimize}} \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n \Bigg( \frac{x + D_i}{x} - f_i \Bigg)^2 } = \underset{x}{\text{minimize}} \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n \Bigg( 1 + \frac{D_i}{x} - f_i \Bigg)^2 } }

~~</math>~~

~~with solution~~

~~<math>~~

~~x = \displaystyle{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n D_i }{-n + \sum_{i=1}^n f_i},}~~

~~</math>~~

~~which can be plugged back into the error formula to obtain the error. (We multiply the target~~ DR ~~chord by ''x'' in order to compare it to the approximation on the same isodifferential series.)~~

~~The least-squares error measure does not form a metric on the set of delta signatures with a fixed number of terms, since it is not symmetric.~~

~~=== Partially DR ===~~

Suppose we wish to approximate a target delta signature of the form <math>+\delta_1 +? +\delta_3</math> with the chord <math>1:f_1:f_2:f_3</math> (where the +? is free to vary). By a derivation similar to the above, the least-squares problem is

~~<math>~~

\displaystyle {\underset{x,y}{\text{minimize}} \sqrt{\bigg(\frac{x + \delta_1}{x} - f_1 \bigg)^2 + \bigg(\frac{x+\delta_1 + y}{x} - f_2 \bigg)^2 + \bigg(\frac{x+\delta_1 + y + \delta_3}{x} - f_3 \bigg)^2 }}.

~~</math>~~

~~We can set the partial derivatives with respect to ''x'' and ''y'' of the inner expression equal to zero (since the derivative of sqrt() is never 0) and use SymPy to solve the system:~~

~~<syntaxhighlight lang="py">~~

~~import sympy~~

~~x = sympy.Symbol("x", real=True)~~

~~y = sympy.Symbol("y", real=True)~~

~~d1 = sympy.Symbol("\\delta_{1~~}~~", real=True)~~

~~d2 = sympy.Symbol("\\delta_{2}", real=True)~~

~~d3 = sympy.Symbol("\\delta_{3~~}~~", real=True)~~

~~f1 = sympy.Symbol("f_1", real=True)~~

~~f2 = sympy.Symbol("f_2", real=True)~~

~~f3 = sympy.Symbol("f_3", real=True)~~

~~err_squared = ((x + d1) / x - f1) ** 2 + ((x + d1 + y) / x - f2) ** 2 + ((x + d1 + y + d3) / x - f3) ** 2~~

~~err_squared.expand()~~

~~err_squared_x = sympy.diff(err_squared, x)~~

~~err_squared_y = sympy.diff(err_squared, y)~~

~~sympy.nonlinsolve([err_squared_x, err_squared_y], [x, y])~~

~~</syntaxhighlight>~~

We similarly include a free variable to be optimized for every additional +?, after coalescing two consecutive +?'s and omitting the middle note. If two variables are related to each other but not to the integer deltas in the signatures, they have a common variable.

== DR chords in small edos ==

=== Fully DR triads ===

=== Partially DR tetrads ===

== DR and RTT ==

== DR and RTT ==

One may be able to tune a rank-2 regular temperament in such a way that a triad of interest exactly "inherits" its delta signature from a simple JI preimage thereof. This is done by setting up an algebraic equation relating the intervals in the chord to a generator and then solving for the generator that produces proportionally-beating triads. The value to be solved for is the generator's frequency ratio (not its cent value).

As stated above, one can tune a rank-2 regular temperament or a MOS scale in such a way that a triad of interest exactly "inherits" its delta signature from a simple JI mapping.

If we want to optimize a 4:5:6 triad in Meantone, for instance, we want a +1+1 delta signature, or equivalently a 1:1 ratio of frequency deltas between the major third and minor third. Fixing any frequency as the triad's root and letting <math>g</math> be the frequency ratio for the perfect fifth generator for meantone, the minor third in the tempered 4:5:6 triad has a delta of {{nowrap|''g'' − {{sfrac|''g''4|4}}}}, and the major third in the same triad has a delta of {{nowrap|{{sfrac|''g''4|4}} − 1}}. Therefore to ensure that the two deltas form a 1:1 ratio, we must find the appropriate root of the polynomial {{nowrap|''g''4 − 2''g'' − 2}} (the difference between the two, simplified to make all coefficients integers). This results in a generator of 1.4945, or about 695.6 cents.

Note that the equation to solve depends on what chord you want to tune as equal-beating. For example, assuming pure octaves, Meantone admits an equation for tuning the 3:4:5 as equal-beating: {{nowrap|''g''4 + 2''g'' − 8 {{=}} 0}} The latter equation has solution {{nowrap|''g'' {{=}} 1.4960 {{=}} 697.3¢}}.

Below is a list of temperaments and their various optimizations for proportionally beating chords. They are ordered by highest power in the relevant DR polynomial, with ties broken by leading coefficients, then 2nd term coefficients, 3rd term coefficients, 4th term coefficients, etc. In the case of negative coefficients, only the absolute value is considered.

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! rowspan="2" | Edos

|-

! g10

! ''g''10

! g9

! ''g''9

! g8

! ''g''8

! g7

! ''g''7

! g6

! ''g''6

! g5

! ''g''5

! g4

! ''g''4

! g3

! ''g''3

! g2

! ''g''2

! g1

! ''g''1

! g0

! ''g''0

|-

|

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|

| 1

| ~~−1~~

| −1

| ~~−1~~

| −1

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

| {{monzo|1 -2 1}}

| 833.09 (~~phi~~)

| 833.09 (φ)

| 36

|-

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|

| 2

| ~~−1~~

| −1

| ~~−2~~

| −2

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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|

| 3

| ~~−2~~

| −2

|

| ~~−2~~

| −2

| 6:7:9

| +1+2

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|

| ~~−1~~

| −1

| ~~−2~~

| −2

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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|

| ~~−2~~

| −2

| ~~−2~~

| −2

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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| 2

|

| ~~−4~~

| −4

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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|

| 1

| ~~−4~~

| −4

|

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|

| ~~−4~~

| −4

| ~~−4~~

| −4

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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|

| 1

| ~~−2~~

| −2

|

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|

| ~~−2~~

| −2

| ~~−4~~

| −4

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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|

| ~~−4~~

| −4

|

| ~~−16~~

| −16

| 4:5:7

| +1+2

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|

| ~~−1~~

| −1

|

| ~~−1~~

| −1

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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| 1

|

| ~~−1~~

| −1

|

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|

| ~~−4~~

| −4

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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|

| ~~−8~~

| −8

| 4:5:6

| +1+1

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== Higher-order differences of frequency ==

Generalizing, one could consider chords where differences between its frequency deltas (as Tom Price has called them, '''precessions''') are rationally related, while the deltas themselves may not be. This corresponds to chords where differences between various interference beatings go in and out of sync in a periodic manner. One precession-rational chord is 5:5.4142...:6.8284...:9.2426..., a {{nowrap|+(√2 ~~−~~ 1) +√2 +(√2 + 1)}} chord.

Generalizing, one could consider chords where differences between its frequency deltas (as Tom Price has called them, '''precessions''') are rationally related, while the deltas themselves may not be. This corresponds to chords where differences between various interference beatings go in and out of sync in a periodic manner. One precession-rational chord is 5:5.4142...:6.8284...:9.2426..., a {{nowrap|+(√2 − 1) +√2 +(√2 + 1)}} chord.

Precession being the second-order difference (~~Δ~~2) of frequency, we similarly have the theoretical notions of ~~Δ~~3-rationality, ~~Δ~~4-rationality, and so on. The practical consequences of higher-order differences are as of yet speculative, though a few people have reported finding precession psychoacoustically meaningful.

Precession being the second-order difference (δ2) of frequency, we similarly have the theoretical notions of δ3-rationality, δ4-rationality, and so on. The practical consequences of higher-order differences are as of yet speculative, though a few people have reported finding precession psychoacoustically meaningful.

== Isodifferential chord ==

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===== Class II =====

The next simplest isoharmonic chords are built by stepping up the harmonic series by two (skipping every other harmonic). This gives us chords such as 3:5:7:9 (the primary tetrad in the [[~~Bohlen–Pierce~~]] tuning system) and 9:11:13:15. Note that if you start on an even number, your chord is equivalent to a class I harmonic chord: {{nowrap|4:6:8:10 {{=}} 2:3:4:5}}. Thus, there is one class II series (the series of all odd harmonics):

The next simplest isoharmonic chords are built by stepping up the harmonic series by two (skipping every other harmonic). This gives us chords such as 3:5:7:9 (the primary tetrad in the [[Bohlen–Pierce]] tuning system) and 9:11:13:15. Note that if you start on an even number, your chord is equivalent to a class I harmonic chord: {{nowrap|4:6:8:10 {{=}} 2:3:4:5}}. Thus, there is one class II series (the series of all odd harmonics):

{| class="wikitable"

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Some complex isoharmonic chords can be expressed with an offset from a simpler isoharmonic chord, so it is useful to notate them in a compact and readable way. For example, 41:51:61 is very similar to 4:5:6, so it can be notated as (4:5:6)[+0.1]. Similarly, (20:22:24:27:30:33:36)[+0.339] can be expanded to 20339:22339:24339:27339:30339:33339:36339.

Irrational isodifferential chords can be expressed with the same notation by using irrational numbers within the square brackets. For example, the chord (1:2:3)[+~~φ~~] can be expanded to {{nowrap|(1 + ~~φ~~):(2 + ~~φ~~):(3 + ~~φ~~)}}, which is approximately equal to 1.618:2.618:3.618.

Irrational isodifferential chords can be expressed with the same notation by using irrational numbers within the square brackets. For example, the chord (1:2:3)[+φ] can be expanded to {{nowrap|(1 + φ):(2 + φ):(3 + φ)}}, which is approximately equal to 1.618:2.618:3.618.

== Categorization of DR chords ==

Here is a table which uses the "delta ratio set"~~–the~~ set of unique [[Undirected_value|undirected ratios]] between the deltas of a chord's delta ~~signature–to~~ categorize chords.

Here is a table which uses the "delta ratio set"–the set of unique [[Undirected_value|undirected ratios]] between the deltas of a chord's delta signature–to categorize chords.

* '''How to tell a DR chord from a non-DR chord:''' a DR chord has at least one rational number in its delta ratio set.

* '''Within DR chords, how to tell an FDR chord from a non-fully DR chord:''' a FDR chord has ''only'' rational numbers in its delta ratio set.

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|-

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Not JI, but isodifferential

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | ~~φ~~:(~~φ~~ + 1):(~~φ~~ + 2):(~~φ~~ + 3)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | φ:(φ + 1):(φ + 2):(φ + 3)

| rowspan="7" | No, not all or none

| rowspan="8" | No, not all or none

| +1+1+1

|-

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 1:~~φ~~:(~~2φ −~~ 1):(~~3φ −~~ 2)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 1:φ:(2φ − 1):(3φ − 2)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +(~~φ −~~ 1)+(~~φ −~~ 1)+(~~φ −~~ 1)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +(φ − 1)+(φ − 1)+(φ − 1)

|-

! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Not JI or isodifferential

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | ~~φ~~:(~~φ~~ + 1):(~~φ~~ + 3)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | φ:(φ + 1):(φ + 3)

| +1+2

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|-

! colspan="3" rowspan="3" | (Incompletely) DR

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 4:5:~~τ~~:7:9

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 4:5:τ:7:9

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(~~τ −~~ 5)+(7 ~~− τ~~)+2

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)+2

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(~~τ −~~ 5)+(7 ~~− τ~~)+2

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)+2

| rowspan="5" | (irrelevant for categorization)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 ~~− τ~~)/(~~τ −~~ 5), 7 ~~− τ~~, ~~τ −~~ 5, 2/(~~τ −~~ 5), 2, 2/(7 ~~− τ~~){{)}}

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 − τ)/(τ − 5), 7 − τ, τ − 5, 2/(τ − 5), 2, 2/(7 − τ){{)}}

| rowspan="3" | no, but at least one

|- style="white-space: nowrap;"

| 5:τ:8:(3 + ~~τ~~)

| 5:τ:8:(3 + τ)

| +(~~τ −~~ 5)+(8 ~~− τ~~)+(~~τ −~~ 5)

| +(τ − 5)+(8 − τ)+(τ − 5)

| +1+(8 ~~− τ~~)/(~~τ −~~ 5)+1

| +1+(8 − τ)/(τ − 5)+1

| {{(}}1, (8 ~~− τ~~)/(~~τ −~~ 5) {{)}}

| {{(}}1, (8 − τ)/(τ − 5) {{)}}

|- style="white-space: nowrap;"

| 1:(1 + a):(1 + a + b):(1 + a + 2b):(1 + 3a + 2b), with a/b irrational

Line 1,216:

Line 1,183:

|-

! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Not DR

| 4:5:~~τ~~:7

| 4:5:τ:7

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(~~τ −~~ 5)+(7 ~~− τ~~)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(~~τ −~~ 5)+(7 ~~− τ~~)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 ~~− τ~~)/(~~τ −~~ 5), 7 ~~− τ~~, ~~τ −~~ 5{{)}}

| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 − τ)/(τ − 5), 7 − τ, τ − 5{{)}}

| rowspan="2" | No, none

|- style="white-space: nowrap;"

| 5:τ:7

| +(~~τ −~~ 5)+(7 ~~− τ~~)

| +(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)

| +1+(7 ~~− τ~~)/(~~τ −~~ 5)

| +1+(7 − τ)/(τ − 5)

| {{(}}(7 ~~− τ~~)/(~~τ −~~ 5){{)}}

| {{(}}(7 − τ)/(τ − 5){{)}}

|}

[[Category:~~Chords~~]]

== External links ==

* [http://turbofishcrow.github.io/delta/ Inthar's DR chord explorer (Includes least-squares linear error calculation)]

[[Category:Chord]]

[[Category:Harmonic]]

[[Category:Lists of scales]]

[[Category:Xenharmonic series]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-A '''delta-rational''' ('''DR''') chord is a [[chord]] that has integer ratios between frequency ''differences'' of some pair of dyads, called '''deltas''', with the dyads in question assumed to be between successive notes (&Delta;, capital delta, is often used to denote "difference"). Here ''dyad'' refers not to a [[Dyad|chord of two pitch classes]], but to an interval between two notes.
+{{Interwiki
+|de=Delta-rationaler Akkord
+|en=Delta-rational chord
+|es=
+|ja=
+}}
+A '''delta-rational''' ('''DR''') chord is a [[chord]] that has integer ratios between frequency ''differences'' of some pair of intervals, called '''deltas''', with the intervals in question assumed to be between successive notes (Δ, capital delta, is often used to denote "difference").
-DR chords generalize JI chords, in which all frequency differences of dyads are exactly integer ratios. But unlike JI chords, a DR chord need not have integer ratios between frequencies of notes. For example, the [[13edo]] chord {{dash|0, 3, 8, 10|med}}\13 ({{dash|0¢, 277¢, 738¢, 923¢|med}}) is close to being delta-rational, because the frequency difference of the dyad 8&ndash;10\13 is 0.994 times the frequency difference of the dyad 0&ndash;3\13. (In the exactly DR chord {{dash|0\13, 3\13, 8\13, 924.159¢|med}}, the 3rd and 4th notes have exactly the same frequency difference as the dyad 0&ndash;3\13.)
+DR chords are a generalization of JI chords, in which all frequency differences of intervals are exactly integer ratios. But unlike JI chords, a DR chord need not have integer ratios between frequencies of notes. For example, the [[13edo]] chord {{dash|0, 3, 8, 10|med}}\13 ({{dash|0{{c}}, 277{{c}}, 738{{c}}, 923{{c}}|med}}) is close to being delta-rational, because the frequency difference of the interval 8–10\13 is 0.994 times the frequency difference of the interval 0–3\13. (In the exactly DR chord {{dash|0\13, 3\13, 8\13, 924.159{{c}}|med}}, the 3rd and 4th notes have exactly the same frequency difference as the interval 0–3\13.)
-[[JI]] chords and chords that are subsets of [[Delta-rational chord#Isodifferential chord|isodifferential chord]]s (these correspond to all chords of the form α : {{nowrap|α + ''k''<sub>1</sub>}} : ... : {{nowrap|α + ''k''<sub>''n''</sub>}} for any positive (possibly irrational) number α and integers ''k''<sub>1</sub>, ..., ''k''<sub>''n''</sub>) are special cases of delta-rational chords, but in these chords ''all'' dyads are rationally related in frequency space, which we call '''fully delta-rational''' (FDR).
+[[JI]] chords and chords that are subsets of [[Delta-rational chord#Isodifferential chord|isodifferential chord]]s (these correspond to all chords of the form α : {{nowrap|α + ''k''<sub>1</sub>}} : ... : {{nowrap|α + ''k''<sub>''n''</sub>}} for any positive (possibly irrational) number α and integers ''k''<sub>1</sub>, ..., ''k''<sub>''n''</sub>) are special cases of delta-rational chords, but in these chords ''all'' intervals are rationally related in frequency space, which we call '''fully delta-rational''' (FDR).
-Delta-rational chords provide a non-JI-based approach to concordance, since chords that are delta-rational with simple ratios between dyads (when measured as absolute frequency differences) tend to be perceived as more concordant than other chords. This acoustic effect is thought to be caused by synchronized interference beating among the fundamentals and among lower harmonics of the fundamentals; the effect may be more or less pronounced depending on register, timbre, the complexity of the linear relationship, etc. For example, the delta-rational acoustic effect is expected to be weaker in chords with wider voicings, as well as chords played in timbres with loud higher harmonics (because the higher harmonics would make the delta-rational relationships less obvious). The justification for only considering dyads between adjacent notes is that the resulting notes within the dyads could psychoacoustically interfere with the beating of the dyads.
+Delta-rational chords provide a non-JI-based approach to concordance, since chords that are delta-rational with simple ratios between intervals (when measured as absolute frequency differences) tend to be perceived as more concordant than other chords. This acoustic effect is thought to be caused by synchronized interference beating among the fundamentals and among lower harmonics of the fundamentals; the effect may be more or less pronounced depending on register, timbre, the complexity of the linear relationship, etc. For example, the delta-rational acoustic effect is expected to be weaker in chords with wider voicings, as well as chords played in timbres with loud higher harmonics (because the higher harmonics would make the delta-rational relationships less obvious). The justification for only considering intervals between adjacent notes is that the resulting notes within the intervals could psychoacoustically interfere with the beating of the intervals.
 Inversions and revoicings of DR chords may not be DR, unlike the case with JI chords where inversions and revoicing of JI chords stay JI. However, unlike the case with most JI chords, a 2/1-equivalent [[MOS scale]] can tune a DR chord exactly, provided that the chord's delta signature specifies two integer entries.
@@ Line 12: / Line 18: @@
 === Delta signature ===
 A delta-rational chord is determined by two things:
-* The dyad formed by its lowermost two notes;
+* The interval formed by its lowermost two notes;
 * Its ''delta signature'' which has integer ratios, i.e. a list of (scaled) frequency increases between successive notes, their ratios showing the simple rational relationships, with a + before each increase. Note that it is whether the deltas are rationally related ''to each other'' that defines DR, not whether the deltas are related to the frequency of the root. If we divide every term by the first term to make the first term 1, the result is called a ''normalized delta signature''.
+** Fully delta-rational chords always have a delta signature with no irrational ratios between terms.
 * Two delta signatures are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by scaling by a positive real number. For example, +2+e+3 is equivalent to +2φ+eφ+3φ, and both signatures imply a delta-rational chord.
 For example, a chord with a +1+2+1 delta signature is ''a'':({{nowrap|''a'' + 1}}):({{nowrap|''a'' + 3}}):({{nowrap|''a'' + 4}}) for some possibly irrational ''a''.
-Deltas that are ''free'', i.e. not required to be related to any other deltas are indicated with +?. For example, saying that a tetrad is "{{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}" means the first two notes and the last two notes have almost equal frequency difference (thus the ratio between the differences is 1/1), but the middle two notes are not in any simple relationship with the two outer dyads. The example 13edo chord is approximately {{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}.
+Deltas that are ''free'', i.e. not required to be related to any other deltas are indicated with +?. For example, saying that a tetrad is "{{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}" means the first two notes and the last two notes have almost equal frequency difference (thus the ratio between the differences is 1/1), but the middle two notes are not in any simple relationship with the two outer intervals. The example 13edo chord is approximately {{nowrap|+1 +? +1}}.
 If you have some sets of deltas related to each other but not to other sets of increments, you could write the related sets with variables a, b, c or use one fewer letter by writing one set with positive integers without variables: an {{nowrap|+a +b +a +b}} chord can also be written {{nowrap|+1 +c +1 +c}} where {{nowrap|c {{=}} b/a}}.
-Fully delta-rational chords always have a delta signature with no irrational ratios between terms.
 == Mathematical definitions ==
-# A chord C = α<sub>1</sub>:...:α<sub>''n''</sub> is ''delta-rational'' (DR) or ''partially delta-rational'' (PDR) when the chord has two distinct dyads α<sub>''k''<sub>1</sub></sub>:α<sub>''k''<sub>2</sub></sub> and α<sub>''k''<sub>3</sub></sub>:α<sub>''k''<sub>4</sub></sub>, such that the real intervals (α<sub>''k''<sub>1</sub></sub>, α<sub>''k''<sub>2</sub></sub>) and (α<sub>''k''<sub>3</sub></sub>, α<sub>''k''<sub>4</sub></sub>) are disjoint and (α<sub>''k''<sub>2</sub></sub> &minus; α<sub>''k''<sub>1</sub></sub>)/(α<sub>''k''<sub>4</sub></sub> &minus; α<sub>''k''<sub>3</sub></sub>) is rational. Equivalently, a chord is delta-rational if it has a delta signature with some integers showing up.
+# A chord α<sub>1</sub>:...:α<sub>''n''</sub> is ''delta-rational'' (DR) or ''partially delta-rational'' (PDR) when the chord has two distinct intervals α<sub>''k''<sub>1</sub></sub>:α<sub>''k''<sub>2</sub></sub> and α<sub>''k''<sub>3</sub></sub>:α<sub>''k''<sub>4</sub></sub>, such that α<sub>''k''<sub>1</sub></sub> < α<sub>''k''<sub>2</sub></sub>  < α<sub>''k''<sub>3</sub></sub> < α<sub>''k''<sub>4</sub></sub> and (α<sub>''k''<sub>2</sub></sub> − α<sub>''k''<sub>1</sub></sub>)/(α<sub>''k''<sub>4</sub></sub> − α<sub>''k''<sub>3</sub></sub>) is rational. Equivalently, a chord is delta-rational if it has a delta signature with some integers showing up.
-# When all dyads are linearly related, equivalently when the chord has a delta signature with all entries integers, we call the chord ''fully delta-rational'' (FDR)
+# When all intervals are linearly related, equivalently when the chord has a delta signature with all entries integers, we call the chord ''fully delta-rational'' (FDR).
 # A chord that has a delta signature with all entries +1 is called ''isodifferential'' or ''linear''.
@@ Line 34: / Line 39: @@
 == Finding a tuning of a MOS scale with an exact DR chord ==
-Let ''a'' and ''b'' be positive integers and suppose {{nowrap|gcd(''a'', ''b'') {{=}} 1}}. Let {{nowrap|''E'' &gt; 1}} be the frequency ratio of the equave. Consider a MOS ''a'''''L'''''b'''''s'''{{angbr|''E''}} with generator range <math>I \subseteq (1, \sqrt{E})</math> (in the linear frequency domain), and consider a pair ({{nowrap|'''u''', '''v'''}}) of notes from the root of a given triad in the MOS, {{nowrap|'''0''' (unison) &lt; '''u''' &lt; '''v'''}}. Let '''p''', '''g''' be a basis formally representing the MOS scale's period and generator. Write
+=== Layman guide ===
+We start by choosing the [[MOS scale]] and equave, and the DR chord.
+For example, with 5L&nbsp;2s, the usual diatonic scale, and we want to approximate 4:5:6, the just major chord, with a delta-rational MOS chord.
+Identify the mappings of each of the deltas. The deltas are 5/4, 6/5, 7/6. For a Meantone mapping, these are {{nowrap|''g''<sup>4</sup>/4 − 1}}, {{nowrap|''g'' − ''g''<sup>4</sup>/4}}. This is because in meantone, 1/1, 3/2, 5/4 are 1, ''g'', {{nowrap|''g''<sup>4</sup>/4}} respectively, so the deltas are identified by subtracting the each term with the one before it.
+In this case, we want the difference between our deltas to become 1, so the delta signature will be +1+1.
+To achieve this, we take the difference between the first two deltas and set it to zero, so {{nowrap|(''g''<sup>4</sup>/4 − 1) − (''g'' − ''g''<sup>4</sup>/4) {{=}} 0}}. Put in integer terms, it's {{nowrap|''g''<sup>4</sup> − 2''g'' − 2 {{=}} 0}}. Solving for ''g'', the only root that makes sense is {{nowrap|''g'' ≈ 1.49453}}, which corresponds to 695.63{{c}}. And thus, with this generator, we will have a DR ~4:5:6 meantone chord.
+Note that the equation to solve depends on what chord you want to tune as equal-beating. For example, assuming pure octaves, Meantone admits an equation for tuning the 3:4:5 as equal-beating: {{nowrap|''g''<sup>4</sup> + 2''g'' − 8 {{=}} 0}} The latter equation has solution {{nowrap|''g'' {{=}} 1.4960 {{=}} 697.3{{c}}}}.
+If instead we chose a Schismic mapping, the deltas would be {{nowrap|''g''<sup>8</sup>/8 − 1}} and {{nowrap|2/''g'' − ''g''<sup>8</sup>/8}}, which gives a generator of 498.308{{c}} for 4:5:6.
+=== Mathematical definition ===
+Let ''a'' and ''b'' be positive integers and suppose {{nowrap|gcd(''a'', ''b'') {{=}} 1}}. Let {{nowrap|''E'' &gt; 1}} be the frequency ratio of the equave. Consider a MOS ''a'''''L'''&nbsp;''b'''''s'''{{angbr|''E''}} with generator range <math>I \subseteq (1, \sqrt{E})</math> (in the linear frequency domain), and consider a pair ('''u''',&nbsp;'''v''') of notes from the root of a given triad in the MOS, {{nowrap|'''0''' (unison) &lt; '''u''' &lt; '''v'''}}. Let '''p''', '''g''' be a basis formally representing the MOS scale's period and generator. Write
 <math>\begin{align}
@@ Line 52: / Line 74: @@
 The existence of an exact tuning for a delta signature specification is only guaranteed to hold when we only care about a ratio between ''two'' terms in the delta signature being exact. If we want to optimize an arbitrary specified delta signature (with some deltas possibly held free), we can use a least-squares-error solution instead to minimize the error.
-== Least-squares error ==
+== Error measures ==
-=== Fully DR ===
+{{main|Error measures for DR chords}}
-The idea motivating least-squares error on a chord as an approximation to a given delta signature is the following: Say we want the error of a chord 1:''r''<sub>1</sub>:''r''<sub>2</sub>:...:''r''<sub>''n''</sub> (in increasing order), with {{nowrap|''n'' &gt; 1}}, in the linear domain as an approximation to a fully delta-rational chord with signature {{nowrap|+&delta;<sub>1</sub> +&delta;<sub>2</sub> ... +&delta;<sub>''n''</sub>
-}}, i.e. a chord
-<math> x : x + \delta_1 : \cdots : x + \sum_{l=1}^n \delta_l.</math>
-We can vary ''x'' and ask, "By at least how much (in the linear domain) does the approximating chord have to be off for any ''x'' > 0?" When a specific ''x'' > 0 achieves this minimum, the resulting chord with delta signature {{nowrap|+&delta;<sub>1</sub> +&delta;<sub>2</sub> ... +&delta;<sub>''n''</sub>
-}} is taken to be the DR chord that is being approximated.
-Rewriting a bit, suppose the chord that is considered the approximation is 1:''f''<sub>1</sub>:''f''<sub>2</sub>:...:''f''<sub>''n''</sub>. Let <math>D_i = \sum_{k=1}^i \delta_k</math> be the delta signature {{nowrap|+&delta;<sub>1</sub> +&delta;<sub>2</sub> ... +&delta;<sub>''n''</sub>
-}} written cumulatively. Then the resulting linear least-squares optimization problem is
-<math>
- \displaystyle{ \underset{x}{\text{minimize}}  \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n \Bigg( \frac{x + D_i}{x} - f_i \Bigg)^2 }  = \underset{x}{\text{minimize}}  \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^n \Bigg( 1 + \frac{D_i}{x} - f_i \Bigg)^2 } }
-</math>
-with solution
-<math>
-x = \displaystyle{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n D_i }{-n + \sum_{i=1}^n f_i},}
-</math>
-which can be plugged back into the error formula to obtain the error. (We multiply the target DR chord by ''x'' in order to compare it to the approximation on the same isodifferential series.)
-The least-squares error measure does not form a metric on the set of delta signatures with a fixed number of terms, since it is not symmetric.
-=== Partially DR ===
-Suppose we wish to approximate a target delta signature of the form <math>+\delta_1 +? +\delta_3</math> with the chord <math>1:f_1:f_2:f_3</math> (where the +? is free to vary). By a derivation similar to the above, the least-squares problem is
-<math>
-\displaystyle {\underset{x,y}{\text{minimize}} \sqrt{\bigg(\frac{x + \delta_1}{x} - f_1 \bigg)^2 + \bigg(\frac{x+\delta_1 + y}{x} - f_2 \bigg)^2 + \bigg(\frac{x+\delta_1 + y + \delta_3}{x} - f_3 \bigg)^2 }}.
-</math>
-We can set the partial derivatives with respect to ''x'' and ''y'' of the inner expression equal to zero (since the derivative of sqrt() is never 0) and use SymPy to solve the system:
-<syntaxhighlight lang="py">
-import sympy
-x = sympy.Symbol("x", real=True)
-y = sympy.Symbol("y", real=True)
-d1 = sympy.Symbol("\\delta_{1}", real=True)
-d2 = sympy.Symbol("\\delta_{2}", real=True)
-d3 = sympy.Symbol("\\delta_{3}", real=True)
-f1 = sympy.Symbol("f_1", real=True)
-f2 = sympy.Symbol("f_2", real=True)
-f3 = sympy.Symbol("f_3", real=True)
-err_squared = ((x + d1) / x - f1) ** 2 + ((x + d1 + y) / x - f2) ** 2 + ((x + d1 + y + d3) / x - f3) ** 2
-err_squared.expand()
-err_squared_x = sympy.diff(err_squared, x)
-err_squared_y = sympy.diff(err_squared, y)
-sympy.nonlinsolve([err_squared_x, err_squared_y], [x, y])
-</syntaxhighlight>
-We similarly include a free variable to be optimized for every additional +?, after coalescing two consecutive +?'s and omitting the middle note. If two variables are related to each other but not to the integer deltas in the signatures, they have a common variable.
 == DR chords in small edos ==
 === Fully DR triads ===
 {{main|Delta-rational triads in small edos}}
 === Partially DR tetrads ===
 {{main|Partially delta-rational tetrads in small edos}}
-== DR and RTT ==
+== DR and RTT ==<!--Essentially tempered [[Dyadic chord|dyadic]] triads are also more difficult to tune with simple delta-signatures, since they lack simple JI preimages.-->
-One may be able to tune a rank-2 regular temperament in such a way that a triad of interest exactly "inherits" its delta signature from a simple JI preimage thereof. This is done by setting up an algebraic equation relating the intervals in the chord to a generator and then solving for the generator that produces proportionally-beating triads. The value to be solved for is the generator's frequency ratio (not its cent value).
+As stated above, one can tune a rank-2 regular temperament or a MOS scale in such a way that a triad of interest exactly "inherits" its delta signature from a simple JI mapping.
-If we want to optimize a 4:5:6 triad in Meantone, for instance, we want a +1+1 delta signature, or equivalently a 1:1 ratio of frequency deltas between the major third and minor third. Fixing any frequency as the triad's root and letting <math>g</math> be the frequency ratio for the perfect fifth generator for meantone, the minor third in the tempered 4:5:6 triad has a delta of {{nowrap|''g'' &minus; {{sfrac|''g''<sup>4</sup>|4}}}}, and the major third in the same triad has a delta of {{nowrap|{{sfrac|''g''<sup>4</sup>|4}} &minus; 1}}. Therefore to ensure that the two deltas form a 1:1 ratio, we must find the appropriate root of the polynomial {{nowrap|''g''<sup>4</sup> &minus; 2''g'' &minus; 2}} (the difference between the two, simplified to make all coefficients integers). This results in a generator of 1.4945, or about 695.6 cents.
-Note that the equation to solve depends on what chord you want to tune as equal-beating. For example, assuming pure octaves, Meantone admits an equation for tuning the 3:4:5 as equal-beating: {{nowrap|''g''<sup>4</sup> + 2''g'' &minus; 8 {{=}} 0}} The latter equation has solution {{nowrap|''g'' {{=}} 1.4960 {{=}} 697.3¢}}. <!--Essentially tempered [[Dyadic chord|dyadic]] triads are also more difficult to tune with simple delta-signatures, since they lack simple JI preimages.-->
 Below is a list of temperaments and their various optimizations for proportionally beating chords. They are ordered by highest power in the relevant DR polynomial, with ties broken by leading coefficients, then 2nd term coefficients, 3rd term coefficients, 4th term coefficients, etc. In the case of negative coefficients, only the absolute value is considered.
@@ Line 131: / Line 98: @@
 ! rowspan="2" | Edos
 |-
-! g<sup>10</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>10</sup>
-! g<sup>9</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>9</sup>
-! g<sup>8</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>8</sup>
-! g<sup>7</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>7</sup>
-! g<sup>6</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>6</sup>
-! g<sup>5</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>5</sup>
-! g<sup>4</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>4</sup>
-! g<sup>3</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>3</sup>
-! g<sup>2</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>2</sup>
-! g<sup>1</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>1</sup>
-! g<sup>0</sup>
+! ''g''<sup>0</sup>
 |-
 |
@@ Line 152: / Line 119: @@
 |
 | 1
-| &minus;1
+| −1
-| &minus;1
+| −1
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
 | {{monzo|1 -2 1}}
-| 833.09 (phi)
+| 833.09 (φ)
 | 36
 |-
@@ Line 169: / Line 136: @@
 |
 | 2
-| &minus;1
+| −1
-| &minus;2
+| −2
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 185: / Line 152: @@
 |
 | 3
-| &minus;2
+| −2
 |
-| &minus;2
+| −2
 | 6:7:9
 | +1+2
@@ Line 203: / Line 170: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;1
+| −1
-| &minus;2
+| −2
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 220: / Line 187: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;2
+| −2
-| &minus;2
+| −2
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 238: / Line 205: @@
 | 2
 |
-| &minus;4
+| −4
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 251: / Line 218: @@
 |
 | 1
-| &minus;4
+| −4
 |
 |
@@ Line 271: / Line 238: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;4
+| −4
-| &minus;4
+| −4
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 284: / Line 251: @@
 |
 | 1
-| &minus;2
+| −2
 |
 |
@@ Line 305: / Line 272: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;2
+| −2
-| &minus;4
+| −4
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 318: / Line 285: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;4
+| −4
 |
 |
 |
 |
-| &minus;16
+| −16
 | 4:5:7
 | +1+2
@@ Line 336: / Line 303: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;1
+| −1
 |
 |
 |
-| &minus;1
+| −1
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 350: / Line 317: @@
 | 1
 |
-| &minus;1
+| −1
 |
 |
@@ Line 357: / Line 324: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;4
+| −4
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 374: / Line 341: @@
 |
 |
-| &minus;8
+| −8
 | 4:5:6
 | +1+1
@@ Line 383: / Line 350: @@
 == Higher-order differences of frequency ==
-Generalizing, one could consider chords where differences between its frequency deltas (as Tom Price has called them, '''precessions''') are rationally related, while the deltas themselves may not be. This corresponds to chords where differences between various interference beatings go in and out of sync in a periodic manner. One precession-rational chord is 5:5.4142...:6.8284...:9.2426..., a {{nowrap|+(√2 &minus; 1) +√2 +(√2 + 1)}} chord.
+Generalizing, one could consider chords where differences between its frequency deltas (as Tom Price has called them, '''precessions''') are rationally related, while the deltas themselves may not be. This corresponds to chords where differences between various interference beatings go in and out of sync in a periodic manner. One precession-rational chord is 5:5.4142...:6.8284...:9.2426..., a {{nowrap|+(√2 − 1) +√2 +(√2 + 1)}} chord.
-Precession being the second-order difference (&Delta;<sup>2</sup>) of frequency, we similarly have the theoretical notions of &Delta;<sup>3</sup>-rationality, &Delta;<sup>4</sup>-rationality, and so on. The practical consequences of higher-order differences are as of yet speculative, though a few people have reported finding precession psychoacoustically meaningful.
+Precession being the second-order difference (δ<sup>2</sup>) of frequency, we similarly have the theoretical notions of δ<sup>3</sup>-rationality, δ<sup>4</sup>-rationality, and so on. The practical consequences of higher-order differences are as of yet speculative, though a few people have reported finding precession psychoacoustically meaningful.
 == Isodifferential chord ==
@@ Line 471: / Line 438: @@
 ===== Class II =====
-The next simplest isoharmonic chords are built by stepping up the harmonic series by two (skipping every other harmonic). This gives us chords such as 3:5:7:9 (the primary tetrad in the [[Bohlen&ndash;Pierce]] tuning system) and 9:11:13:15. Note that if you start on an even number, your chord is equivalent to a class I harmonic chord: {{nowrap|4:6:8:10 {{=}} 2:3:4:5}}. Thus, there is one class II series (the series of all odd harmonics):
+The next simplest isoharmonic chords are built by stepping up the harmonic series by two (skipping every other harmonic). This gives us chords such as 3:5:7:9 (the primary tetrad in the [[Bohlen–Pierce]] tuning system) and 9:11:13:15. Note that if you start on an even number, your chord is equivalent to a class I harmonic chord: {{nowrap|4:6:8:10 {{=}} 2:3:4:5}}. Thus, there is one class II series (the series of all odd harmonics):
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 1,104: / Line 1,071: @@
 Some complex isoharmonic chords can be expressed with an offset from a simpler isoharmonic chord, so it is useful to notate them in a compact and readable way. For example, 41:51:61 is very similar to 4:5:6, so it can be notated as (4:5:6)[+0.1]. Similarly, (20:22:24:27:30:33:36)[+0.339] can be expanded to 20339:22339:24339:27339:30339:33339:36339.
-Irrational isodifferential chords can be expressed with the same notation by using irrational numbers within the square brackets. For example, the chord (1:2:3)[+&phi;] can be expanded to {{nowrap|(1 + &phi;):(2 + &phi;):(3 + &phi;)}}, which is approximately equal to 1.618:2.618:3.618.
+Irrational isodifferential chords can be expressed with the same notation by using irrational numbers within the square brackets. For example, the chord (1:2:3)[+φ] can be expanded to {{nowrap|(1 + φ):(2 + φ):(3 + φ)}}, which is approximately equal to 1.618:2.618:3.618.
 == Categorization of DR chords ==
-Here is a table which uses the "delta ratio set"&ndash;the set of unique [[Undirected_value|undirected ratios]] between the deltas of a chord's delta signature&ndash;to categorize chords.
+Here is a table which uses the "delta ratio set"–the set of unique [[Undirected_value|undirected ratios]] between the deltas of a chord's delta signature–to categorize chords.
 * '''How to tell a DR chord from a non-DR chord:''' a DR chord has at least one rational number in its delta ratio set.
 * '''Within DR chords, how to tell an FDR chord from a non-fully DR chord:''' a FDR chord has ''only'' rational numbers in its delta ratio set.
@@ Line 1,183: / Line 1,150: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Not JI, but isodifferential
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | &phi;:(&phi; + 1):(&phi; + 2):(&phi; + 3)
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | φ:(φ + 1):(φ + 2):(φ + 3)
-| rowspan="7" | No, not all or none
+| rowspan="8" | No, not all or none
 | +1+1+1
 |-
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 1:&phi;:(2&phi; &minus; 1):(3&phi; &minus; 2)
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 1:φ:(2φ − 1):(3φ − 2)
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +(&phi; &minus; 1)+(&phi; &minus; 1)+(&phi; &minus; 1)
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +(φ − 1)+(φ − 1)+(φ − 1)
 |-
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Not JI or isodifferential
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | &phi;:(&phi; + 1):(&phi; + 3)
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | φ:(φ + 1):(φ + 3)
 | +1+2
 | +1+2
@@ Line 1,198: / Line 1,165: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" | (Incompletely) DR
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 4:5:&tau;:7:9
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 4:5:τ:7:9
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(&tau; &minus; 5)+(7 &minus; &tau;)+2
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)+2
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(&tau; &minus; 5)+(7 &minus; &tau;)+2
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)+2
 | rowspan="5" | (irrelevant for categorization)
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 &minus; &tau;)/(&tau; &minus; 5), 7 &minus; &tau;, &tau; &minus; 5, 2/(&tau; &minus; 5), 2, 2/(7 &minus; &tau;){{)}}
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 − τ)/(τ − 5), 7 − τ, τ − 5, 2/(τ − 5), 2, 2/(7 − τ){{)}}
 | rowspan="3" | no, but at least one
 |- style="white-space: nowrap;"
-| 5:τ:8:(3 + &tau;)
+| 5:τ:8:(3 + τ)
-| +(&tau; &minus; 5)+(8 &minus; &tau;)+(&tau; &minus; 5)
+| +(τ − 5)+(8 − τ)+(τ − 5)
-| +1+(8 &minus; &tau;)/(&tau; &minus; 5)+1
+| +1+(8 − τ)/(τ − 5)+1
-| {{(}}1, (8 &minus; &tau;)/(&tau; &minus; 5) {{)}}
+| {{(}}1, (8 − τ)/(τ − 5) {{)}}
 |- style="white-space: nowrap;"
 | 1:(1 + a):(1 + a + b):(1 + a + 2b):(1 + 3a + 2b),<br />with a/b irrational
@@ Line 1,216: / Line 1,183: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Not DR
-| 4:5:&tau;:7
+| 4:5:τ:7
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(&tau; &minus; 5)+(7 &minus; &tau;)
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(&tau; &minus; 5)+(7 &minus; &tau;)
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | +1+(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)
-| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 &minus; &tau;)/(&tau; &minus; 5), 7 &minus; &tau;, &tau; &minus; 5{{)}}
+| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{(}}(7 − τ)/(τ − 5), 7 − τ, τ − 5{{)}}
 | rowspan="2" | No, none
 |- style="white-space: nowrap;"
 | 5:τ:7
-| +(&tau; &minus; 5)+(7 &minus; &tau;)
+| +(τ − 5)+(7 − τ)
-| +1+(7 &minus; &tau;)/(&tau; &minus; 5)
+| +1+(7 − τ)/(τ − 5)
-| {{(}}(7 &minus; &tau;)/(&tau; &minus; 5){{)}}
+| {{(}}(7 − τ)/(τ − 5){{)}}
 |}
-[[Category:Chords]]
+== External links ==
+* [http://turbofishcrow.github.io/delta/ Inthar's DR chord explorer (Includes least-squares linear error calculation)]
+[[Category:Chord]]
 [[Category:Harmonic]]
 [[Category:Lists of scales]]
 [[Category:Xenharmonic series]]