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__FORCETOC__
Pianos, harpsichords and organs are suited for microtonal music insofar as the strings/pipes can, within limits, be tuned to anything desired. The probability that tuning issues arise with these instruments is even slightly higher than average since there is often "old" music (baroque and older, from the pre-well-tempered age) being played on them.
Pianos, harpsichords and organs are suited for microtonal music insofar as the strings/pipes can, within limits, be tuned to anything desired.


In the case of harpsichords and organs, the probablity that tuning issues arise is even slightly higher than average since there is often "old" music (baroque and older, from the pre-well-tempered age) being played on them.
For electronic instruments (synthesizers), there is, in theory, absolute freedom for the pitches anyway — not in practice, though. But nowadays, many synthesizers have a built-in retuning functionality.


For electronic instruments (syntheszers), there is, in theory, absolute freedom for the pitches anyway - not in practice, though. But nowadays, many synthesizers have a built-in retuning functionality. A broad overview over the microtonal capacities of synthesizers can be found on [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com www.microtonal-synthesis.com].
A potential source for troubles is the traditional keyboard design, the [[Halberstadt keyboard]], which is optimized for diatonic scales and 12 tones per octave. For microtonal music with not more than 12 tones per octave, this is not such a problem — fingerings for non-standard scales can be learned. But it can become a problem if you need more than 12 tones per octave, or even want a [[nonoctave]] tuning, such as [[Bohlen–Pierce]] or one of [[Wendy Carlos]]'s equal-step scales. Fortunately, there exist several solutions to this problem.


A side-remark: Synthesizers, even without retuning functionality, often have a special functionality that is principally also suited for microtonality: the modulation wheel. An impressive example of how to make microtonal music with the modulation wheel can be found [http://www.timomusic.ch/video_Spiros_Kottis.htm here]. This is, however, not a particularly easy way to do it...
== Strategies for more than 12 tones per octave ==
=== Multiple keyboards ===
One solution is to use several keyboards whose keys are slightly detuned against each other. This solution was namely used by several classical composers in the 20th century, including [[Alois Hába]], [[Charles Ives]] and [[Ivan Wyschnegradsky]], usually with a [[12edo]] tuning on each keyboard, but with different reference pitches. [[24edo]] can be achieved by tuning two keyboards a quarter tone apart from each other, [[36edo]] by tuning three keyboards separated by sixth tones, and so on.


=Strategies for more than 12 tones per octave=
Of course, each keyboard's tuning does not have to be 12edo, but choosing a 12-tone octave-repeating scale has its advantages. The keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave, and the pitches typically need only minor retuning. This is not unimportant for acoustical instruments, where we usually have physical limits to the amount a pitch can be retuned. For this reason, this approach is widely used, especially in the field of contemporary classical music. As for synthesizers, a compatibility list for various models can be found at [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com Microtonal Synthesis].


A potential source for troubles is the traditional keyboard design, which is optimized for diatonic scales and 12 tones per octave.
The main disadvantage of this solution is, of course, that you need several keyboards. In the case of acoustic pianos, this means in practice that the maximal number of pitches per octave you can obtain is limited - to the number of pianos you can put on the stage together... [http://www.allmusic.com/composition/arc-en-ciel-for-6-grand-pianos-in-12-tone-tuning-mc0002707751 ''Arc-en-ciel''] by [[Ivan Wyschnegradsky]], for example, a piece in [[72edo]], is written for six (!) pianos, and [http://www.universaledition.com/Georg-Friedrich-Haas/komponisten-und-werke/komponist/278/werk/13386 "Limited approximations" by [[Georg Friedrich Haas]], in 72edo as well, needs the same number of pianos and moreover a whole orchestra...
 
For microtonal music with not more than 12 tones per octave, this is not such a problem - fingerings for non-standard scales can be learned. But it becomes a problem if you need more than 12 tones per octave, or even want a non-octave tuning, such as [http://www.wendycarlos.com/resources/pitch.html Wendy Carlos] or [[BP|Bohlen-Pierce]].
 
There exist several solutions for this problem:
 
==1) 12 Note Octave Scales==
(Terminology from [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com www.microtonal-synthesis.com])
 
Use several keyboards whose keys are slightly detuned against each other.
 
Advantages are that the keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave, and the pitches typically need only minor retuning. This is not unimportant for acoustical instruments, where we usually have physical limits to the amount a pitch can be retuned. For this reason, this approach is widely used, especially in the field of contemporary classical music.
 
The disadvantage is, of course, that you need several keyboards. In the case of acoustic pianos, this means in practice that the maximal number of pitches per octave you can obtain is limited - to the number of pianos you can put on the stage together... [http://www.allmusic.com/composition/arc-en-ciel-for-6-grand-pianos-in-12-tone-tuning-mc0002707751 "Arc-en-ciel" by Ivan Wyschnegradsky], for example, a piece in [[72edo|72edo]], is written for six (!) pianos, and [http://www.universaledition.com/Georg-Friedrich-Haas/komponisten-und-werke/komponist/278/werk/13386 "Limited approximations" by Georg Friedrich Haas], in [[72edo|72edo]] as well, needs the same number of pianos and moreover a whole orchestra...


Electronic keyboards sometimes have the possibility to play in "split" mode, i.e. the upper and the lower half of the keyboard can send to different midi channels. Some keyboards offer up to 4 split areas. In this case, you need only one keyboard - but you still have the disadvantage of having to jump between the areas.
Electronic keyboards sometimes have the possibility to play in "split" mode, i.e. the upper and the lower half of the keyboard can send to different midi channels. Some keyboards offer up to 4 split areas. In this case, you need only one keyboard - but you still have the disadvantage of having to jump between the areas.


[[SeventeenTonePianoProject#pianotuningdetails|12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 17edo]]
* [[SeventeenTonePianoProject#pianotuningdetails|12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 17edo]]
 
* [https://yahootuninggroupsultimatebackup.github.io/makemicromusic/topicId_16475.html 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 19edo]
[http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/MakeMicroMusic/message/16483 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 19edo]
* [https://yahootuninggroupsultimatebackup.github.io/makemicromusic/topicId_9296.html 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 22edo]
 
* [[24edo#instruments|12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 24edo]]
[http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/MakeMicroMusic/message/9296 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 22edo]
* [http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/tuning/message/74155 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 41edo]{{dead link}}
 
[[24edo#instruments|12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 24edo]]
 
[http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/tuning/message/74155 12 note octave scales piano tuning instructions for 41edo]
 
==2) Full Keyboard Scales==
(Terminology from [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com www.microtonal-synthesis.com])


Tune each key of the keyboard to a different pitch. The pitches of the keys keep the property of being arranged in ascending order - but the octave pattern will be different, and there are larger amounts of retuning required.
=== Full keyboard retuning ===
Tune each key of the keyboard to a different pitch. The pitches of the keys keep the property of being arranged in ascending order, but the octave pattern will be different, and there are larger amounts of retuning required. In addition, this method usually reduces the interval size you can play with a single hand, because pitches are more spaced out.


Some synthesizers support this, but not all (see, again, [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com www.microtonal-synthesis.com]).
Some synthesizers support full keyboard retuning, but not all. A compatibility list for various models can be found at [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com Microtonal Synthesis]. Synthesizers supporting only 12-tone octave-repeating scales can be brought to support full keyboard scales with the help of the [https://sites.google.com/site/altkeyboards/integrator Midi Integrator] software, or the [http://www.tallkite.com/alt-tuner.html alt-tuner] software. Some virtual instruments, such as PianoTeq, also provide support for full keyboard retuning regardless of the physical controller used with it.


Synthesizers supporting only 12 note octave scales can be brought to support full keyboard scales with the help of the [https://sites.google.com/site/altkeyboards/integrator Midi Integrator] software, or the [http://www.tallkite.com/alt-tuner.html alt-tuner] software.
A possible "full keyboard scales" piano tuning for [[22edo]], mapping two keyboard octaves to one acoustic octave, is described in [http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich/erlich-decatonic.pdf Paul Erlich's paper on 22edo], on page 11.


A possible "full keyboard scales" piano tuning for [[22edo|22edo]], mapping two keyboard octaves to one acoustic octave, is decribed in [http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich/erlich-decatonic.pdf Paul Erlich's paper on 22edo], on page 11.
In the case of acoustic instruments such as pianos, tuning full keyboard scales may even require major changes in construction. It has been done, however, to build instruments such as [[96edo#History|96edo]] pianos.


In the case of acoustical instruments such as pianos, tuning full keyboard scales may even require major changes in construction. It has been done, however, e.g. on the [http://www.sauter-pianos.de/english/pianos/microtone.html 16th tone (96edo) piano].
=== Modulation wheel ===
Synthesizers, even without retuning functionality, often have a special functionality that is principally also suited for microtonality: the modulation wheel. Here are a few impressive examples of how to make microtonal music with the modulation wheel:
* [http://www.timomusic.ch/video_Spiros_Kottis.htm ''Spiros Kottis'' by timomusic]{{dead link}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8gusUyO1Ts Piano cover of ''In the Bleak Midwinter''] by [[Stephen Weigel]] (based on Jacob Collier's cover)


==3) Dynamic Tunings==
This is, however, not a particularly easy way to do it...


=== Dynamic tunings ===
Some instruments allows their tuning to be changed "on the fly", allowing access to more than 12 notes, although not all at once. The main advantage is that the keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave. The main disadvantages is that certain melodies will be unplayable, such as a rapid passage using more than 12 notes.
Some instruments allows their tuning to be changed "on the fly", allowing access to more than 12 notes, although not all at once. The main advantage is that the keyboard layout keeps the familiar property that 12 key steps span one octave. The main disadvantages is that certain melodies will be unplayable, such as a rapid passage using more than 12 notes.


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The easiest way to experiment with dynamic tunings is with midi keyboards and software. [http://www.huygens-fokker.org/scala/ Scala] and [http://www.nonoctave.com/tuning/LilMissScaleOven/ Lil' Miss Scale Oven] have limited dynamic tuning ability. [http://www.tallkite.com/alt-tuner.html Alt-tuner] allows retuning of individual notes (choosing among various ratios or among various EDO degrees), modulating to different keys (either by a specific interval, or to a specific note, or to the current bass note), and switching to completely different tunings. All this can be done via keyswitches, foot pedals, the mod wheel, or any control that generates a midi signal. These midi signals can come from any midi device, such as a 2nd keyboard, or even the computer's QWERTY keyboard. Technique-wise, using keyswitches would be similar to using mandals or sharpening levers, and using footpedals would be similar to using the classical harp's pedals.
The easiest way to experiment with dynamic tunings is with midi keyboards and software. [http://www.huygens-fokker.org/scala/ Scala] and [http://www.nonoctave.com/tuning/LilMissScaleOven/ Lil' Miss Scale Oven] have limited dynamic tuning ability. [http://www.tallkite.com/alt-tuner.html Alt-tuner] allows retuning of individual notes (choosing among various ratios or among various EDO degrees), modulating to different keys (either by a specific interval, or to a specific note, or to the current bass note), and switching to completely different tunings. All this can be done via keyswitches, foot pedals, the mod wheel, or any control that generates a midi signal. These midi signals can come from any midi device, such as a 2nd keyboard, or even the computer's QWERTY keyboard. Technique-wise, using keyswitches would be similar to using mandals or sharpening levers, and using footpedals would be similar to using the classical harp's pedals.


==4) Get an alternative keyboard!==
=== Alternative keyboards ===
This is actually quite an old idea, since in historical tunings of the pre-well-tempered area, there was a demand for differing between flats and sharps.
{{Wikipedia|Isomorphic keyboard}}
{{Wikipedia|Category:Musical keyboard layouts}}
This is actually quite an old idea, since in many [[historical temperaments]], there was a demand for differing between flats and sharps. Minor variations to the common [[Halberstadt layout]], sometimes known as an [[Wikipedia:Enharmonic keyboard|enharmonic keyboard]], have been used to accommodate extra keys for such purposes, such as [[Wikipedia:Split sharp|split sharp]] keys. [http://www.denzilwraight.com Denzil Wraight's website] has some beautiful examples of historical harpsichords with up to 24 keys per octave. A list of existing church organs all over the world with split semitone keys can be found on [https://sites.google.com/site/iboortgies/tableoforganswithsubsemitones Ibo Ortgies' homepage].


[http://www.denzilwraight.com www.denzilwraight.com] has some beautiful examples of historical harpsichords with up to 24 keys per octave.
In modern times, the idea of alternative keyboards has come up again. Most alternative keyboard layouts can host the same fingering for multiple tunings, since most of them have been designed with 12edo in mind and can be generalized using the corresponding diatonic intervals. Many alternative keyboards are isomorphic keyboards, which allow layouts where each interval or chord has the same shape in every key. Any layout may be arranged in multiple ways on an actual instrument by changing the orientation of the layout, the number of keys, the angle between the axes, the key colors, etc.


A list of existing church organs all over the world with split semitone keys can be found on [https://sites.google.com/site/iboortgies/tableoforganswithsubsemitones Ibo Ortgies' homepage].
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ Isomorphic keyboard layouts
In modern times, the idea of generalized keyboards has come up again. Generalized keyboards can host the same fingering for multiple tunings. See, for example:
! Layout
 
! Tiling
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard Wikipedia article isomorphic keyboards]
! 1st axis
 
! 2nd axis
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_keyboard Wikipedia article on generalized keyboards]
! Complementary axis
 
|-
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holford_Macdowell_Bosanquet Wikipedia article on Bosanquet]
| [[Wikipedia:Generalized keyboard|Bosanquet]]/[[Wikipedia:Jankó keyboard|Jankó]]
 
| Hexagonal
<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_table_note_layout Wikipedia article on harmonic table note layouts]</span>
| Major 2nd
 
| Minor 2nd
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicki-Hayden_note_layout Wikipedia article on the Wicki-Hayden note layout]
| Augmented 1sn
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Harmonic table note layout|Harmonic table]]
| Hexagonal
| Perfect 5th
| Major 3rd
| Minor 3rd
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Wicki-Hayden note layout|Wicki-Hayden]]
| Hexagonal
| Perfect 5th
| Major 2nd
| Perfect 4th
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Chromatic button accordion|Chromatic accordion (types B/C)]]
| Hexagonal
| Minor 3rd
| Major 2nd
| Minor 2nd
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Array mbira|Array mbira]]
| Hexagonal-ish
| Perfect 8ve
| Perfect 5th
| Perfect 4th
|}


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_keyboard Wikipedia article on Janko]
Another way to generalize the Halberstadt layout is to use a different [[MOS scale]] to determine the layout of white and black keys. [[Stephen Weigel]] has used such layouts in several of his YouTube videos, including [[hanson]] ([[4L 3s]]) and [[porcupine]] ([[7L 1s]]) layout for [[15edo]], [[mavila]] ([[7L 2s]]) layout for [[16edo]], etc.


For electronic music, there is meanwhile a number of generalized keyboards that are available or are soon to be available, see followng list.
For electronic music, there is meanwhile a number of generalized keyboards that are available or are soon to be available, see following list.


==List of available generalized keyboards==
== List of synthesizers with alternative keyboards ==
 
=== Generalized keyboards ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable center-4"
|-
|-
! | Product
! Product
! | Manufacturer
! Manufacturer
! | Layout
! Layout
! | No. of keys
! No. of keys
! Availability
! Price
|-
|-
| | [http://www.terpstrakeyboard.com Terpstra keyboard]
| [http://web.archive.org/web/20060101074917/http://www.thummer.com/ Thummer]
| | Cortex design
| Thumtronics
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Wicki-Hayden
| style="text-align:center;" | 280
| 114
| Never produced
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.thummer.com/ Thummer]
| [https://hpi.zentral.zone/tonalplexus Tonal Plexus U-PLEX, TPX2, TPX2s]
| | Thumtronics
| [http://hpi.zentral.zone/index Hπ Instruments]
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| style="text-align:center;" | 114
| 422
| No longer produced (as of 2014)
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.h-pi.com/TPX28buy.html#U-PLEX_buy Tonal Plexus U-PLEX], [http://www.h-pi.com/TPX28buy.html#TPX2_buy Tonal Plexus TPX2], [http://www.h-pi.com/TPX28buy.html#TPX2s_buy Tonal Plexus TPX2s]
| [https://hpi.zentral.zone/tonalplexus Tonal Plexus TPX4]
| | [http://hpi.zentral.zone/index Hπ Instruments]
| Hπ Instruments
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| style="text-align:center;" | 422
| 844
| No longer produced (as of 2014)
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.h-pi.com/TPX28buy.html#TPX4_buy Tonal Plexus TPX4]
| [https://hpi.zentral.zone/tonalplexus Tonal Plexus TPX6, TPX6s]
| | Hπ Instruments
| Hπ Instruments
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Square tiling, 17\205 × 1\205
| style="text-align:center;" | 844
| 1266
| No longer produced (as of 2014)
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.h-pi.com/TPX28buy.html#TPX6_buy Tonal Plexus TPX6], [http://www.h-pi.com/TPX28buy.html#TPX6s_buy Tonal Plexus TPX6s]
| [http://web.archive.org/web/20120216074838/http://www.h-pi.com/protoMiniMOD.html MiniMod]
| | Hπ Instruments
| Hπ Instruments
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Various (hexagonal, rectangular, 1-dimensional et al.) XXX
| style="text-align:center;" | 1266
| XXX
|
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.h-pi.com/protoMiniMOD.html MiniMod]
| [http://www.c-thru-music.com/cgi/?page=prod_axis-49 AXiS-49]
| | Hπ Instruments
| C-Thru Music
| | Various (hexagonal, rectangular, 1-dimensional et al.) XXX
| Harmonic table
| style="text-align:center;" | XXX
| 98
| No longer produced
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.c-thru-music.com/cgi/?page=prod_axis-49 AXiS-49]
| [http://www.c-thru-music.com/cgi/?page=prod_axis-64 AXiS-64]
| | C-Thru Music
| C-Thru Music
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Harmonic table
| style="text-align:center;" | 98
| 192
| No longer produced
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.c-thru-music.com/cgi/?page=prod_axis-64 AXis-64]
| [http://www.shapeofmusic.com/ Opal Chameleon, Opal Gekko]
| | C-Thru Music
| Opal
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Harmonic table
| style="text-align:center;" | 192
| 192
|
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.shapeofmusic.com/ Opal Chameleon, Opal Gekko]
| [http://monome.org/ monome grid]
| | Opal
| monome
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Square tiling, mapping by coordinates (no default mapping)
| style="text-align:center;" | 192
| 128 (formerly 64, 128 or 256)
| In production
| $600
|-
|-
| | [http://monome.org/ Monome 64]
| [http://www.lippenskeyboard.com/ Lippens Keyboard]
| | Monome
| Lippens
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Jankó
| style="text-align:center;" | 64
| 198
| Prototype
|
|-
|-
| | [http://monome.org/ Monome 128]
| [http://daskin.com/page2/page2.html Daskin 5]
| | Monome
| Daskin Manufacturing
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Jankó
| style="text-align:center;" | 128
| 203
|
|
|-
|-
| | [http://monome.org/ Monome 256]
| [http://daskin.com/page2/page2.html Daskin 6]
| | Monome
| Daskin Manufacturing
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Jankó
| style="text-align:center;" | 256
| 243
|
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.lippenskeyboard.com/index.html Lippens Keyboard]
| [http://verticalkeyboards.com/keyboardoptions/microtonalkeyboards/index.html Vertical keyboard (Elaine Walker)]
| |
| Elaine Walker
| | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_keyboard Janko](2-dimensional)
| 1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern
| style="text-align:center;" |
| 61, 76 or 88
|
|
|-
|-
| | [http://daskin.com/page2/page2.html Daskin 5]
| [http://metatonalmusic.com/ Metatonal Keyboard]
| | Daskin Manufacturing
| Metatonal Music (Ron Sword)
| | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_keyboard Janko] (2-dimensional)
| 1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern
| style="text-align:center;" | 203
|
| Never produced
|
|-
|-
| | [http://daskin.com/page2/page2.html Daskin 6]
| [https://www.lumatone.io/ Lumatone] / [http://www.terpstrakeyboard.com Terpstra keyboard]
| | Daskin Manufacturing
| Cortex design
| | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_keyboard Janko](2-dimensional)
| Hexagonal tiling, customizable layout (default: Bosanquet)
| style="text-align:center;" | 244
| 280
| In production
| $3,999
|-
|-
| | [http://verticalkeyboards.com/keyboardoptions/microtonalkeyboards/index.html Vertical keyboard (Elaine Walker)]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/zboard2424/ ZBoard 24×24]
| | Elaine Walker
| Starr Labs
| | 1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern
| Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)
| style="text-align:center;" | 61, 76 or 88
| 576
| In production
| $7,995
|-
|-
| | [http://www.metatonalmusic.com/K Metatonal Keyboard]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/zboard/ ZBoard 12x24]
| | Metatonal Music (Ron Sword)
| Starr Labs
| | 1-dimensional, 2 tiers of keys (black/white), with customizable black/white pattern
| Square tiling, customizable layout (default: perfect 4th × semitone)
| |
| 288
| In production
| $3,495
|-
|-
| | [http://www.starrlabs.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=69&product_id=64 ZB2 Z-Board]
| [https://www.starrlabs.com/product/microzone-u648/ Microzone U-648]
| | Starr Labs
| Starr Labs
| | 2-dimensional, rectangular
| Bosanquet
| style="text-align:center;" | 288
| 288
| In production
| $3,495
|-
|-
| | [http://www.starrlabs.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=69/microzone-u-648&product_id=66 Microzone U-648]
| [http://www.starrlabs.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=69/microzone-u-648&product_id=67 Microzone U-990]
| | Starr Labs
| Starr Labs
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Bosanquet
| style="text-align:center;" | 288
| 810
| Bosanquet
|
|-
|-
| | [http://www.starrlabs.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=69/microzone-u-648&product_id=67 Microzone U-990]
| [https://dualo.com/en/dualo Dualo Du-Touch S]
| | Starr Labs
| Dualo
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Hexagonal tiling, multiple layouts: dualo (major 3rd × semitone), diatonic dualo, Jankó, chromatic accordion
| style="text-align:center;" | 810
| 52
| In production
| €499
|-
|-
| | [http://dualo.org/ Dualo Du-Touch S]
| [https://www.striso.org/ Striso board]
| | Dualo
| Striso
| | 2-dimensional, hexagonal
| Wicki-Hayden (but the tiling angle is not 60°)
| style="text-align:center;" | 52
| 61
| In production
| €480
|-
|-
| | [https://www.striso.org/ Striso board]
| [https://dualo.com/en/exquis/ Exquis]
| | Striso
| Dualo
| | 2-dimensional, orthogonal
| Hexagonal tiling, dualo layout (major 3rd × semitone)
| style="text-align:center;" | 61
| 61
| Taking preorders, announced for end of summer 2023
| €269
|}
|}


A special class of microtonal midi controllers are "keyless" ones:
=== Keyless controllers ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! | Product
! Product
! | Manufacturer
! Manufacturer
!layout
!No. of "keys"
|-
|-
| | [http://www.hakenaudio.com Continuum Fingerboard]
| [http://www.hakenaudio.com Continuum Fingerboard]
| | Haken Audio
| Haken Audio
|Halberstadt
|69
|-
|-
| | [http://www.doepfer.de/R2M.htm R2M Ribbon Controller]
| [http://www.doepfer.de/R2M.htm R2M Ribbon Controller]
| | Doepfer
| Doepfer
|One-dimensional
|N/A
|-
|-
| | [http://www.rogerlinndesign.com/preview-linnstrument.html LinnStrument]
| [https://www.rogerlinndesign.com/linnstrument LinnStrument]
| | Roger Linn Design
| Roger Linn Design
|Square layout
|128 or 200
|-
|-
| | [http://madronalabs.com/hardware SoundPlane A]
| [http://madronalabs.com/hardware SoundPlane A]
| | Madrona Labs
| Madrona Labs
|Rectangular layout
|
|}
|}


=='''Pad controllers:'''==
=== Pad controllers ===
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">[http://global.novationmusic.com/midi-controllers-digital-dj/launchpad-pro]</span>
* [https://global.novationmusic.com/en/launch/launchpad-pro Novation Launchpad pro]
 
* [https://www.behringer.com/behringer/product?modelCode=P0AJD Behringer CMD LC-1]
[http://www.behringer.com/EN/Products/CMD-LC-1.aspx Behringer CMD LC-1]
 
===<span style="font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.5;">'''Links'''</span>===
 
[http://sites.google.com/site/altkeyboards/ Alternative Keyboards group (on Google groups)]
 
John Starrett on Completely Generalized Keyboards - [https://www.facebook.com/notes/john-starrett/completely-generalized-keyboard/426265927629 https://www.facebook.com/notes/john-starrett/completely-generalized-keyboard/426265927629]
 
==='''DIY links'''===
 
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">[http://monome.org/docs/gridkit Monome Gridkit] - Monome DIY kit slashes price of pre-built one.</span>
 
TouchKeys:
 
TouchKeys Kickstarter Campaign - [https://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kickstarter.com%2Fprojects%2Finstrumentslab%2Ftouchkeys-multi-touch-musical-keyboard&h=JAQHQzQRm https://www.kickstarter.com/.../touchkeys-multi-touch...]
 
TouchKeys Website - [http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eecs.qmul.ac.uk%2F~andrewm%2Ftouchkeys.html&h=yAQFs82En http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~andrewm/touchkeys.html]
 
<span style="color: #141723; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5;">There's a mapping in the TouchKeys software which splits each key into multiple regions specifically for microtonal music.</span>
 
<span style="color: #141723; font-size: 12px;">Here's a video demo using it to play Turkish maqam music - </span>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QcYgslHq9k&list=UUad1IRAVR2klHEtNoS4TsaA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QcYgslHq9k...]
 
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">You don´t need even need keyboard - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/CHWVeQd0bYs?list=UUad1IRAVR2klHEtNoS4TsaA http://youtu.be/CHWVeQd0bYs?list=UUad1IRAVR2klHEtNoS4TsaA]</span>
 
Touch Screens in general:
 
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Here's an article discussing available touch screen technologies per 2010 - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.eizoglobal.com/library/basics/basic_understanding_of_touch_panel/ http://www.eizoglobal.com/.../basic_understanding_of.../]</span>
 
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Some more overview - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.elotouch.com/Products/detech2.asp http://www.elotouch.com/Products/detech2.asp]</span>
 
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Wikipedia - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen#Technologies http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen#Technologies]</span>
 
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Finally this one - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.cammaxlimited.co.uk/what-are-the-different-types-of-touchscreen/ http://www.cammaxlimited.co.uk/what-are-the-different.../]</span>
 
Multitouch Interaction Research - [http://cs.nyu.edu/~jhan/ftirtouch/ http://cs.nyu.edu/~jhan/ftirtouch/]
 
Touch Screen Approaches:
 
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">You could make something like this yourself (costs 15.000 dollars) - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/UP9zt_JbrHI http://youtu.be/UP9zt_JbrHI]</span>


<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Acoustic Touch Demo - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/ZoAslMiukAQ http://youtu.be/ZoAslMiukAQ]</span>
== External links ==
* [http://www.microtonal-synthesis.com Microtonal Synthesis] - a database of synthesizers, samplers, digital pianos, electronic instruments, portable keyboards, sound cards and software synthesizers with user programmable microtonal scales or tunings: just intonation, non-12 equal temperament, well temperament, xenharmonics, etc.
* [http://sites.google.com/site/altkeyboards/ Alternative Keyboards group (on Google groups)]
* [https://www.facebook.com/notes/john-starrett/completely-generalized-keyboard/426265927629 John Starrett on Completely Generalized Keyboards] (Facebook Notes)
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/isomorphickeyboards/ Isomorphic keyboards on Reddit]


<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Peau Productions sells affordable custom size infrared frames for diy solutions - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">[http://youtu.be/C-R8PmaIy-w http://youtu.be/C-R8PmaIy-w]</span>
=== DIY links ===
* [https://monome.org/docs/grid/kits/gridkit/ Monome Gridkit]: Monome DIY kit slashes price of pre-built one.
* [http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~andrewm/touchkeys.html TouchKeys Website]: There's a mapping in the TouchKeys software which splits each key into multiple regions specifically for microtonal music.
* [https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/instrumentslab/touchkeys-multi-touch-musical-keyboard TouchKeys Kickstarter Campaign]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QcYgslHq9k&list=UUad1IRAVR2klHEtNoS4TsaA TouchKeys video demo (used to play Turkish maqam music)]
* [http://youtu.be/CHWVeQd0bYs?list=UUad1IRAVR2klHEtNoS4TsaA TouchKeys video demo in standalone mode (without a physical keyboard)]


<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">IR frames are pretty cool - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/ZOYDERT-p_g http://youtu.be/ZOYDERT-p_g]</span>
Touchscreens in general:


Gesture Based Controllers:
* [[Wikipedia: Touchscreen#Technologies]]
* Here's an article discussing available touch screen technologies per 2010: http://www.eizoglobal.com/library/basics/basic_understanding_of_touch_panel/
* Some more overview: http://www.elotouch.com/Products/detech2.asp
* Finally this one: http://www.cammaxlimited.co.uk/what-are-the-different-types-of-touchscreen/
* [http://cs.nyu.edu/~jhan/ftirtouch/ Multi-Touch Interaction Research] (Jeff Han, New York University)


<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">You can use Kinect to make a "virtual keyboard" that only exists in "kinect space" - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/ZqtrH5nQjFc http://youtu.be/ZqtrH5nQjFc]</span>
Touchscreen approaches:
* You could make something like this yourself (costs 15.000 dollars): http://youtu.be/UP9zt_JbrHI
* Acoustic Touch Demo: http://youtu.be/ZoAslMiukAQ
* Peau Productions sells affordable custom size infrared frames for diy solutions: http://youtu.be/C-R8PmaIy-w
* IR frames are pretty cool: http://youtu.be/ZOYDERT-p_g


Airpiano - [http://www.airpiano.de http://www.airpiano.de]
Gesture-based controllers:
* You can use Kinect to make a "virtual keyboard" that only exists in "kinect space": http://youtu.be/ZqtrH5nQjFc
* [http://www.airpiano.de Airpiano]


Apple Magic Trackpad:
Apple Magic Trackpad:
* What about the Apple Magic Trackpad? http://youtu.be/m9KdWuOTpMQ
* String a number of Trackpads together with this: http://store.apple.com/us/product/H3443ZM/A/twelve-south-magicwand
* Add a keyboard layout layer using something like this: http://www.amazon.com/Mobee-Technology-Magic-Numpad-Transparent/dp/B005M1777G#productDescription_secondary_view_pageState_1417265682123
* The software is already there for one Trackpad, so why not for more than one? http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/07/track-master-makes-your-trackpad-a-midi-controller-a-must-download-for-mac/


<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">What about the Apple Magic Trackpad? - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/m9KdWuOTpMQ http://youtu.be/m9KdWuOTpMQ]</span>
Mechanical keyboard switches:
 
* DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 1: http://youtu.be/KfjEYu79J-4
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">String a number of Trackpads together with this - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://store.apple.com/us/product/H3443ZM/A/twelve-south-magicwand http://store.apple.com/.../H3443ZM/A/twelve-south-magicwand]</span>
* DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 2: http://t.walyou.com/all/diy-isomorphic-keyboard#1
 
* DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 3: http://mods-n-hacks.wonderhowto.com/how-to/diy-illuminated-isomorphic-keyboard-changes-colors-as-you-play-music-0139583/
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Add a keyboard layout layer using something like this - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.amazon.com/Mobee-Technology-Magic-Numpad-Transparent/dp/B005M1777G#productDescription_secondary_view_pageState_1417265682123 http://www.amazon.com/Mobee-Technology.../dp/B005M1777G...]</span>
* Mechanical Keyboard Switches Guide 1: http://www.daskeyboard.com/blog/mechanical-keyboard-guide/
 
* Mechanical Keyboard Switches Guide 2: http://deskthority.net/wiki/Cherry_MX
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">The software is already there for one Trackpad, so why not for more than one? - </span><span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/07/track-master-makes-your-trackpad-a-midi-controller-a-must-download-for-mac/ http://createdigitalmusic.com/.../track-master-makes.../]</span>
 
Mechanical Keyboard Switches:
 
DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 1 - <span style="color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[http://youtu.be/KfjEYu79J-4 http://youtu.be/KfjEYu79J-4]</span>
 
DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 2 - [http://t.walyou.com/all/diy-isomorphic-keyboard#1 http://t.walyou.com/all/diy-isomorphic-keyboard#1]
 
DIY Isomorphic Keyboard Project 3 - [http://mods-n-hacks.wonderhowto.com/how-to/diy-illuminated-isomorphic-keyboard-changes-colors-as-you-play-music-0139583/ http://mods-n-hacks.wonderhowto.com/.../diy-illuminated.../]
 
Mechanical Keyboard Switches Guide 1 - [http://www.daskeyboard.com/blog/mechanical-keyboard-guide/ http://www.daskeyboard.com/blog/mechanical-keyboard-guide/]
 
Mechanical Keyboard Switches Guide 2 - [http://deskthority.net/wiki/Cherry_MX http://deskthority.net/wiki/Cherry_MX]


Programming:
Programming:
 
* Lemur Canvas Object lets you script custom widgets with full multitouch support: https://liine.net/en/products/lemur/
Lemur Canvas Object lets you script custom widgets with full multitouch support - [https://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fliine.net%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Flemur%2F&h=XAQEI_3LU https://liine.net/en/products/lemur/]


Hardware:
Hardware:
 
* Livid DIY platform for MIDI control surfaces: http://lividinstruments.com/products/builder/
Livid DIY platform for MIDI control surfaces - [http://lividinstruments.com/products/builder/ http://lividinstruments.com/products/builder/]
* Madrona Labs DIY: http://madronalabs.com/DIY
 
* Midi boutique makes parts for Hπ Instruments: http://www.midiboutique.com
Madrona Labs DIY - [http://madronalabs.com/DIY http://madronalabs.com/DIY]
* DIY Keyboard Wiki: http://diykeyboard.wikidot.com
 
Midi boutique makes parts for Hπ Instruments - [http://www.midiboutique.com http://www.midiboutique.com]
 
DIY Keyboard Wiki - [http://diykeyboard.wikidot.com http://diykeyboard.wikidot.com]


Other MIDI controllers:
Other MIDI controllers:
* [http://synthzone.com/ctrlr.htm List of MIDI controllers on Synth Zone]


[http://synthzone.com/ctrlr.htm http://synthzone.com/ctrlr.htm]
=== Keyboard concepts ===
 
* [http://www.newkeyboard.de/ New Keyboard (Johannes Kotschy)]{{dead link}}
===Keyboard Concepts===
* [https://www.dodekamusic.com/learn/education-hub/playing-dodeka-keyboard/ Dodeka keyboard]   
 
[http://www.newkeyboard.de/ New Keyboard (Johannes Kotschy)]


[http://www.dodeka.info/DodekaEnglish/Instruments.html http://www.dodeka.info/DodekaEnglish/Instruments.html]      [[Category:instruments]]
[[Category:Keyboards| ]] <!-- main article -->
[[Category:keyboard]]
[[Category:Instruments]]
[[Category:list]]
[[Category:Lists]]
[[Category:overview]]
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