Gallery of 12-tone just intonation scales
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Just Intonation is an infinite universe. A justly-intoned pentatonic can be very effective in the hands of a sensitive composer, and in this electronic age that same composer on another day can use a scale with hundreds of notes in an octave.
One approach to making just intonation not only practical but easy is to map an [[Periodic scale|octave-repeating]] 12-tone JI scale to a standard keyboard. This page collects some of these scales, and a [[Gallery of 12-tone Tempered Scales|companion page]] does the same for tempered scales.
* [[12highschool1]] - first 12-note highschool scale
* [[12highschool2]] - second 12-note highschool scale
* [[44_39-12]] - 12-note chromatic tuning with 352:351, 364:363 by Margo Schulter
* [[pre-archytas]] - tuning by Gene Ward Smith
** Chris Vaisvil, [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/pre-archytas-hobbit/daily20110621_zither_ji.mp3|Just Zither Me]] [[@http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=983|(details)]]
* [[augdommean]] - Fokkerization of Centaur
* [[barton]] - Jacob Barton, tetratetradic scale on 6:7:9:11
* [[bicycle]] - George Secor's (also Wilson's and Heathwaite's) 13-limit harmonic bicycle
* [[biggulp]] - Big Gulp tuning
** Chris Vaisvil, [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/tuning-survey/daily20100611-Big%20Gulp.mp3|improv]] [[http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=164|(details)]]
* [[bihexany]] - hole around [0, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2]
* [[blue-ji]] - John O'Sullivan and Carl Lumma
** [[http://alonetone.com/vaisvil/tracks/sweeneys-agony-remix-by-johnny-pumphandle.mp3|Sweeney's Agony]]
** [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/blue-tuning/daily20110119-atonement-in-blue-JI.mp3|Atonement to a Centaur]]
* [[bluesji]] - Graham Breed's Blues scale in a 7-limit JI version
* [[breedball3]] - the third breed ball around 49/40-7/4
* [[canton]] - a 2.3.11/7.13/7 subgroup scale
* [[carlos_harm]] - [[Wendy Carlos]] Harmonic Scale
** Chris Vaisvil, [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/carlos-harmonic/daily20090806-piano-valles-marineris-harmonic-wah.mp3|Valles Marineris]]
* [[centaur]] - a 7-limit tuning [[http://www.anaphoria.com/centaur.html|discovered by Kraig Grady]]
** Chris Vaisvil, [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/centaur_tuning/daily20100823-centaur-ver2.mp3|Centaur’s Pasture]]
* [[chalmers_ji1.scl]] - based loosely on Wronski's and similar JI scales
* [[collapsar]] - an 11-limit patent val superwakalix
* [[cv scales]] - [[Periodic scale|epimorphic scales]] with three major and two minor tetrads
* [[dekany-cs]] - [[Combination product sets|Cps]]({1,3,7,9,11}, 2) union {77/72, 77/64}; Grady-Narushima
* [[domdimpajinjschis]] - superwakalix
* [[domdimpajinjmean]] - superwakalix, same as miller7, parizek_ji1
* [[duodene]] - the Ellis duodene = Dwarf(<12 19 28|) = syndie3 = Euler(675) = Gandhar tuning
* [[duodene_skew]] - rotated duodene = magsyn3
* [[duohex]] - a scale with two hexanies
* [[dwarf12_7]] - the 7-limit 12-note dwarf
* [[dwarf12_11]] - the 11-limit 12-note dwarf
* [[genovese_12]] - Denny Genovese's superposition of harmonics 8-16 and subharmonics 6-12
* [[glumma]] - a <12 19 27 34|-epimorphic rectangular scale
* [[hexanys]]
* [[hobbit_11_limit]] - Chris Vaisvil's 11 limit JI hobbit
** Chris Vaisvil, [[http://chrisvaisvil.com/the-forgotten-glory-of-wolfs-motor-court/|The Forgotten Glory of Wolf’s Motor Court]] [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/hobbit_scales/20130923_hobbit_11_limit.mp3|(play)]]
* [[locomotive]] - a 2.9.11.13 subgroup scale
* [[major_clus]] - Chalmers' Major Mode Cluster
* [[major_wing]] - Chalmers' Major Wing with 7 major and 6 minor triads
* [[minor_clus]] - Chalmers' Minor Mode Cluster, Genus [333335]
* [[minor_wing]] - Chalmers' Minor Wing with 7 minor and 6 major triads
* [[max scales]] - 31 dyads 26 triads 6 tetrads 2 pentads
* [[mdevelde]] - a 2.3.5.19 subgroup scale
* [[nofives]] - a 3 & 7 scale discovered by Gene Ward Smith
** Aaron Krister Johnson, [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7mxHWdkV04|piano improvisation]]
* [[omaha]] - a 2.3.11 subgroup scale
* [[otones12-24]] - a.k.a. Mode 12 of the [[OverToneSeries|Harmonic Series]]
* [[part12]] - 9+3=12 partition scale <12 19 27| epimorphic
* [[portsmouth]] - a 2.3.7.11 subgroup scale
* [[prentwind]] - [[Prent Rodgers]]' scale for [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Rodgers/prentrodgers+dryholecanyonforwoodwindquintet.mp3|Dry Hole Canyon for Woodwind Quintet]]
* [[prism]] - [[Carl Lumma]] scale
* [[pris]] - optimized (15/14)^3 (16/15)^4 (21/20)^3 (25/24)^2 scale
* [[ptolex]] - [[Jon Lyle Smith]]'s extended septimal Ptolemy
** Jon Lyle Smith, [[http://www.notonlymusic.com/board/download/file.php?id=1993|Te Deum Laudamus]]
* [[hahn12]] - [[Hahn-reduced]] 12 note scale
* [[hahn_7]] - [[Paul Hahn]]'s scale with 32 consonant 7-limit dyads. TL '99
* [[hahnZ]] - [[Paul Hahn]]'s scale Z, TL '99
* [[harrison_cinna]] - [[Lou Harrison]], "Incidental Music for Corneille's Cinna"
* [[harrisonm_rev]] - Michael Harrison's [[http://www.michaelharrison.com/harmonic-tunings.html|Revelation Tuning]]
* [[hexy]] - maximized 9-limit harmony containing a hexany
* [[johnston]] - Ben Johnston's combined otonal-utonal 11-limit Fokker block
* [[malcolm]] - Alexander Malcolm's Monochord (1721)
* [[malcolm2]] - Alexander Malcolm's 1721 scale
* [[mohajira-to-slendro]] - Dudon's "From Mohajira to Aeolian and Slendros"
* [[oljare]] - Mats Öljare, scale for "Tampere" (2001)
* [[ramis]] - monochord of Ramos de Pareja (Ramis de Pareia), Musica practica (1482)
** [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Curley/Zach%20Curley%20-%20Impromptu%20in%20F%20Minor.mp3|Impromptu in F Minor]] by [[Zach Curley]]
* [[rectoo]] - Hahn reduced circle of fifths via <12 19 27 34|
* [[riley_rosary]] - Terry Riley, tuning for Cactus Rosary (1993)
* [[Secor5_23TX]] - George Secor's synchronous 5/23-comma temperament extraordinaire
* [[serafini-11]] - Serafini's [[http://electro-music.com/forum/topic-14631.html|11's chromatic scale]], an 11-limit tuning discovered by [[Carlo Serafini]]
* [[sevish]] - Sean "Sevish" Archibald's scale for [[http://www.archive.org/download/FNet021/02.Sevish-Trapped_in_a_Cycle.mp3|Trapped in a Cycle]]
* [[simp12]] - Stiltner-Vaisvil 12 note 2.3.5.7.13 scale
** [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/JI/simpl10plus13.mp3|Simpl10plus13]] by Chris Vaisvil
* [[sonbirkezsorted]] Sonbirkez Huzzam scale
* [[steel]] - an 11-limit tuning discovered by [[Lou Harrison]] and Bill Slye
** see David B. Doty's [[http://www.dbdoty.com/SteelSuiteIntro.html|Steel Suite]]
* [[stelhex]] - stellated two out of 1 3 5 7 hexany
* [[stelhex2]] - stellated two out of 1 3 5 9 hexany
* [[stexhex5]] - stellated two out of 1 3 7 9 hexany, stellation is degenerate
* [[terrain]] - in effect a generated scale in 2.9/5.9/7 subgroup
* [[thirteendene]] - 2.3.5.7.13 marveldene transversal
* [[unimajor]] - a 2.3.11/7 subgroup scale
* [[wilson_class]] - [[Erv Wilson]]'s class
* [[wilsonistic]] - [[Margo Schulter]]'s Wilsonistic Pivot on C
** Chris Vaisvil, [[http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/wilson/daily20101225--wilsonistic_pivot_C-ji.mp3|A Blue Christmas for Erv]]
* [[yekta]] - Rauf Yekta's 12-tone tuning suggested in 1922 Lavignac Music Encyclopedia
* [[young-lm_piano]]- La Monte Young's scale from "The Well-Tuned Piano"
* [[zeta12]] - Margo Schulter's Zeta Centauri tuning, inspired by Kraig Grady's CentaurOriginal HTML content:
<html><head><title>Gallery of 12-tone Just Intonation Scales</title></head><body>Just Intonation is an infinite universe. A justly-intoned pentatonic can be very effective in the hands of a sensitive composer, and in this electronic age that same composer on another day can use a scale with hundreds of notes in an octave.<br />
<br />
One approach to making just intonation not only practical but easy is to map an <a class="wiki_link" href="/Periodic%20scale">octave-repeating</a> 12-tone JI scale to a standard keyboard. This page collects some of these scales, and a <a class="wiki_link" href="/Gallery%20of%2012-tone%20Tempered%20Scales">companion page</a> does the same for tempered scales.<br />
<br />
<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/12highschool1">12highschool1</a> - first 12-note highschool scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/12highschool2">12highschool2</a> - second 12-note highschool scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/44_39-12">44_39-12</a> - 12-note chromatic tuning with 352:351, 364:363 by Margo Schulter</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/pre-archytas">pre-archytas</a> - tuning by Gene Ward Smith<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/pre-archytas-hobbit/daily20110621_zither_ji.mp3" rel="nofollow">Just Zither Me</a> <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=983" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">(details)</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/augdommean">augdommean</a> - Fokkerization of Centaur</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/barton">barton</a> - Jacob Barton, tetratetradic scale on 6:7:9:11</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/bicycle">bicycle</a> - George Secor's (also Wilson's and Heathwaite's) 13-limit harmonic bicycle</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/biggulp">biggulp</a> - Big Gulp tuning<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/tuning-survey/daily20100611-Big%20Gulp.mp3" rel="nofollow">improv</a> <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://chrisvaisvil.com/?p=164" rel="nofollow">(details)</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/bihexany">bihexany</a> - hole around [0, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2]</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/blue-ji">blue-ji</a> - John O'Sullivan and Carl Lumma<ul><li><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://alonetone.com/vaisvil/tracks/sweeneys-agony-remix-by-johnny-pumphandle.mp3" rel="nofollow">Sweeney's Agony</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/blue-tuning/daily20110119-atonement-in-blue-JI.mp3" rel="nofollow">Atonement to a Centaur</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/bluesji">bluesji</a> - Graham Breed's Blues scale in a 7-limit JI version</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/breedball3">breedball3</a> - the third breed ball around 49/40-7/4</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/canton">canton</a> - a 2.3.11/7.13/7 subgroup scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/carlos_harm">carlos_harm</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Wendy%20Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a> Harmonic Scale<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/carlos-harmonic/daily20090806-piano-valles-marineris-harmonic-wah.mp3" rel="nofollow">Valles Marineris</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/centaur">centaur</a> - a 7-limit tuning <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.anaphoria.com/centaur.html" rel="nofollow">discovered by Kraig Grady</a><ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/centaur_tuning/daily20100823-centaur-ver2.mp3" rel="nofollow">Centaur’s Pasture</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/chalmers_ji1.scl">chalmers_ji1.scl</a> - based loosely on Wronski's and similar JI scales</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/collapsar">collapsar</a> - an 11-limit patent val superwakalix</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/cv%20scales">cv scales</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Periodic%20scale">epimorphic scales</a> with three major and two minor tetrads</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/dekany-cs">dekany-cs</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Combination%20product%20sets">Cps</a>({1,3,7,9,11}, 2) union {77/72, 77/64}; Grady-Narushima</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/domdimpajinjschis">domdimpajinjschis</a> - superwakalix</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/domdimpajinjmean">domdimpajinjmean</a> - superwakalix, same as miller7, parizek_ji1</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/duodene">duodene</a> - the Ellis duodene = Dwarf(<12 19 28|) = syndie3 = Euler(675) = Gandhar tuning</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/duodene_skew">duodene_skew</a> - rotated duodene = magsyn3</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/duohex">duohex</a> - a scale with two hexanies</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/dwarf12_7">dwarf12_7</a> - the 7-limit 12-note dwarf</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/dwarf12_11">dwarf12_11</a> - the 11-limit 12-note dwarf</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/genovese_12">genovese_12</a> - Denny Genovese's superposition of harmonics 8-16 and subharmonics 6-12</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/glumma">glumma</a> - a <12 19 27 34|-epimorphic rectangular scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/hexanys">hexanys</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/hobbit_11_limit">hobbit_11_limit</a> - Chris Vaisvil's 11 limit JI hobbit<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://chrisvaisvil.com/the-forgotten-glory-of-wolfs-motor-court/" rel="nofollow">The Forgotten Glory of Wolf’s Motor Court</a> <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/hobbit_scales/20130923_hobbit_11_limit.mp3" rel="nofollow">(play)</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/locomotive">locomotive</a> - a 2.9.11.13 subgroup scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/major_clus">major_clus</a> - Chalmers' Major Mode Cluster</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/major_wing">major_wing</a> - Chalmers' Major Wing with 7 major and 6 minor triads</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/minor_clus">minor_clus</a> - Chalmers' Minor Mode Cluster, Genus [333335]</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/minor_wing">minor_wing</a> - Chalmers' Minor Wing with 7 minor and 6 major triads</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/max%20scales">max scales</a> - 31 dyads 26 triads 6 tetrads 2 pentads</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/mdevelde">mdevelde</a> - a 2.3.5.19 subgroup scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/nofives">nofives</a> - a 3 & 7 scale discovered by Gene Ward Smith<ul><li>Aaron Krister Johnson, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7mxHWdkV04" rel="nofollow">piano improvisation</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/omaha">omaha</a> - a 2.3.11 subgroup scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/otones12-24">otones12-24</a> - a.k.a. Mode 12 of the <a class="wiki_link" href="/OverToneSeries">Harmonic Series</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/part12">part12</a> - 9+3=12 partition scale <12 19 27| epimorphic</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/portsmouth">portsmouth</a> - a 2.3.7.11 subgroup scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/prentwind">prentwind</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Prent%20Rodgers">Prent Rodgers</a>' scale for <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Rodgers/prentrodgers+dryholecanyonforwoodwindquintet.mp3" rel="nofollow">Dry Hole Canyon for Woodwind Quintet</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/prism">prism</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Carl%20Lumma">Carl Lumma</a> scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/pris">pris</a> - optimized (15/14)^3 (16/15)^4 (21/20)^3 (25/24)^2 scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/ptolex">ptolex</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Jon%20Lyle%20Smith">Jon Lyle Smith</a>'s extended septimal Ptolemy<ul><li>Jon Lyle Smith, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.notonlymusic.com/board/download/file.php?id=1993" rel="nofollow">Te Deum Laudamus</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/hahn12">hahn12</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Hahn-reduced">Hahn-reduced</a> 12 note scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/hahn_7">hahn_7</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Paul%20Hahn">Paul Hahn</a>'s scale with 32 consonant 7-limit dyads. TL '99</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/hahnZ">hahnZ</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Paul%20Hahn">Paul Hahn</a>'s scale Z, TL '99</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/harrison_cinna">harrison_cinna</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Lou%20Harrison">Lou Harrison</a>, "Incidental Music for Corneille's Cinna"</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/harrisonm_rev">harrisonm_rev</a> - Michael Harrison's <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.michaelharrison.com/harmonic-tunings.html" rel="nofollow">Revelation Tuning</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/hexy">hexy</a> - maximized 9-limit harmony containing a hexany</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/johnston">johnston</a> - Ben Johnston's combined otonal-utonal 11-limit Fokker block</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/malcolm">malcolm</a> - Alexander Malcolm's Monochord (1721)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/malcolm2">malcolm2</a> - Alexander Malcolm's 1721 scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/mohajira-to-slendro">mohajira-to-slendro</a> - Dudon's "From Mohajira to Aeolian and Slendros"</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/oljare">oljare</a> - Mats Öljare, scale for "Tampere" (2001)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/ramis">ramis</a> - monochord of Ramos de Pareja (Ramis de Pareia), Musica practica (1482)<ul><li><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/gene_ward_smith/Others/Curley/Zach%20Curley%20-%20Impromptu%20in%20F%20Minor.mp3" rel="nofollow">Impromptu in F Minor</a> by <a class="wiki_link" href="/Zach%20Curley">Zach Curley</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/rectoo">rectoo</a> - Hahn reduced circle of fifths via <12 19 27 34|</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/riley_rosary">riley_rosary</a> - Terry Riley, tuning for Cactus Rosary (1993)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Secor5_23TX">Secor5_23TX</a> - George Secor's synchronous 5/23-comma temperament extraordinaire</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/serafini-11">serafini-11</a> - Serafini's <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://electro-music.com/forum/topic-14631.html" rel="nofollow">11's chromatic scale</a>, an 11-limit tuning discovered by <a class="wiki_link" href="/Carlo%20Serafini">Carlo Serafini</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/sevish">sevish</a> - Sean "Sevish" Archibald's scale for <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.archive.org/download/FNet021/02.Sevish-Trapped_in_a_Cycle.mp3" rel="nofollow">Trapped in a Cycle</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/simp12">simp12</a> - Stiltner-Vaisvil 12 note 2.3.5.7.13 scale<ul><li><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/JI/simpl10plus13.mp3" rel="nofollow">Simpl10plus13</a> by Chris Vaisvil</li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/sonbirkezsorted">sonbirkezsorted</a> Sonbirkez Huzzam scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/steel">steel</a> - an 11-limit tuning discovered by <a class="wiki_link" href="/Lou%20Harrison">Lou Harrison</a> and Bill Slye<ul><li>see David B. Doty's <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.dbdoty.com/SteelSuiteIntro.html" rel="nofollow">Steel Suite</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/stelhex">stelhex</a> - stellated two out of 1 3 5 7 hexany</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/stelhex2">stelhex2</a> - stellated two out of 1 3 5 9 hexany</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/stexhex5">stexhex5</a> - stellated two out of 1 3 7 9 hexany, stellation is degenerate</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/terrain">terrain</a> - in effect a generated scale in 2.9/5.9/7 subgroup</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/thirteendene">thirteendene</a> - 2.3.5.7.13 marveldene transversal</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/unimajor">unimajor</a> - a 2.3.11/7 subgroup scale</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/wilson_class">wilson_class</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Erv Wilson</a>'s class</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/wilsonistic">wilsonistic</a> - <a class="wiki_link" href="/Margo%20Schulter">Margo Schulter</a>'s Wilsonistic Pivot on C<ul><li>Chris Vaisvil, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://micro.soonlabel.com/just/wilson/daily20101225--wilsonistic_pivot_C-ji.mp3" rel="nofollow">A Blue Christmas for Erv</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/yekta">yekta</a> - Rauf Yekta's 12-tone tuning suggested in 1922 Lavignac Music Encyclopedia</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/young-lm_piano">young-lm_piano</a>- La Monte Young's scale from "The Well-Tuned Piano"</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/zeta12">zeta12</a> - Margo Schulter's Zeta Centauri tuning, inspired by Kraig Grady's Centaur</li></ul></body></html>