Middle-Eastern music
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The music of the middle-eastern (arabic/turkish/persian) cultural area is one of the important microtonal music traditions (along with the [[Indian|indian]] tradition). A central concept is "maqam", which corresponds more or less (but not exactly) to the western "mode". An introduction into maqam theory can be found on [[http://www.maqamworld.com/|http://www.maqamworld.com]]. The use of microtones in middle-eastern music is partly extremely subtle, as is demonstrated in a [[http://shumays.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=177745|podcast]] by arabic violin player Sami Abu Shumays: by his count, there can be 12 different notes within a half step. There have been various endeavours, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf|paper]] by Ozan Yarman. However, none of these endeavours have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in the western music). [[24edo]] has found a certain dissemination, especially in the arabic world; but many consider it a bad compromise. Other equal temperaments that have been used are [[53edo]] and [[72edo]]. And even those (apart from getting impractical because of their high number of notes!) do not cover all details. A system that covers many details to a satisfactorial degree is proposed in [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/misc/Ozan_Yarman_tez.pdf|Ozan Yarman's dissertation]] (also summarized in the mentioned [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf|paper]] ): a 79-tone [[MOSScales|MOS]] subset of [[159edo]]. A short description (quote of a posting on the yahoo tuning list) is also [[79MOS 159edo|here]]. For practical purposes (from the point of number of notes), Ozan Yarman proposes [[34edo]] and [[41edo]] as acceptable compromises. ==More external links== ===Arabic=== [[http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm|http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com]] ===Turkish=== [[http://www.hinesmusic.com/What_Are_Makams.html|Tetrachords and Makams of Turkey]] - another theory site http://www.turkishmusicportal.org - listening [[http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html|http://www.turkishmusic.org]] - listening ===Persian=== http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html - listening
Original HTML content:
<html><head><title>Arabic, Turkish, Persian</title></head><body>The music of the middle-eastern (arabic/turkish/persian) cultural area is one of the important microtonal music traditions (along with the <a class="wiki_link" href="/Indian">indian</a> tradition).<br /> <br /> A central concept is "maqam", which corresponds more or less (but not exactly) to the western "mode". An introduction into maqam theory can be found on <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.maqamworld.com</a>.<br /> <br /> The use of microtones in middle-eastern music is partly extremely subtle, as is demonstrated in a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://shumays.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=177745" rel="nofollow">podcast</a> by arabic violin player Sami Abu Shumays: by his count, there can be 12 different notes within a half step.<br /> <br /> There have been various endeavours, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf" rel="nofollow">paper</a> by Ozan Yarman. However, none of these endeavours have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in the western music). <a class="wiki_link" href="/24edo">24edo</a> has found a certain dissemination, especially in the arabic world; but many consider it a bad compromise. Other equal temperaments that have been used are <a class="wiki_link" href="/53edo">53edo</a> and <a class="wiki_link" href="/72edo">72edo</a>. And even those (apart from getting impractical because of their high number of notes!) do not cover all details.<br /> <br /> A system that covers many details to a satisfactorial degree is proposed in <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/misc/Ozan_Yarman_tez.pdf" rel="nofollow">Ozan Yarman's dissertation</a> (also summarized in the mentioned <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf" rel="nofollow">paper</a> ): a 79-tone <a class="wiki_link" href="/MOSScales">MOS</a> subset of <a class="wiki_link" href="/159edo">159edo</a>. A short description (quote of a posting on the yahoo tuning list) is also <a class="wiki_link" href="/79MOS%20159edo">here</a>.<br /> <br /> For practical purposes (from the point of number of notes), Ozan Yarman proposes <a class="wiki_link" href="/34edo">34edo</a> and <a class="wiki_link" href="/41edo">41edo</a> as acceptable compromises.<br /> <br /> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:<h2> --><h2 id="toc0"><a name="x-More external links"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->More external links</h2> <br /> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:<h3> --><h3 id="toc1"><a name="x-More external links-Arabic"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:2 -->Arabic</h3> <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com</a><br /> <br /> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:4:<h3> --><h3 id="toc2"><a name="x-More external links-Turkish"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:4 -->Turkish</h3> <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.hinesmusic.com/What_Are_Makams.html" rel="nofollow">Tetrachords and Makams of Turkey</a> - another theory site<br /> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:45:http://www.turkishmusicportal.org --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusicportal.org</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:45 --> - listening<br /> <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org</a> - listening<br /> <br /> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:6:<h3> --><h3 id="toc3"><a name="x-More external links-Persian"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:6 -->Persian</h3> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:46:http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic" rel="nofollow">http://240edo.googlepages.com/persianmusic</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:46 --> - a list of links related to persian music, maintained by Shaahin Mohajeri<br /> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:47:http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:47 --> - listening</body></html>