Tenney–Euclidean metrics: Difference between revisions

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The '''Tenney–Euclidean norm''' ('''TE norm''') or '''Tenney–Euclidean complexity''' ('''TE complexity''') applies to vals as well as to monzos.

Let us define the val weighting matrix ''W'' to be the {{w|diagonal matrix}} with values 1, 1/log23, 1/log25 … 1/log2''p'' along the diagonal. Given a val '''a''' expressed as a row vector, the corresponding vector in weighted coordinates is {{nowrap|'''v''' {{=}} '''a'''''W''}}, with transpose {{nowrap|'''v'''{{t}} {{=}} ''W'''''a'''{{t}}}} where {{t}} denotes the transpose. Then the dot product of weighted vals is {{nowrap|'''vv'''{{t}} {{=}} '''a'''''W''2'''a'''{{t}}}}, which makes the Euclidean metric on vals, a measure of complexity, to be {{nowrap|‖'''v'''‖2 {{=}} √('''vv'''{{t}})}} {{nowrap|{{=}} √({{subsup|''a''|2|2}} + {{subsup|''a''|3|2}}/(log23)2 + … + {{subsup|''a''|''p''|2}}/(log2''p'')2)}}; dividing this by √(''n''), where {{nowrap|''n'' {{=}} π(''p'')}} is the number of primes to ''p'', gives the TE norm of a val.

Let us define the val weighting matrix ''W'' to be the {{w|diagonal matrix}} with values 1, 1/log23, 1/log25 … 1/log2''p'' along the diagonal. Given a val '''a''' expressed as a row vector, the corresponding vector in weighted coordinates is {{nowrap|'''v''' {{=}} '''a'''''W''}}, with transpose {{nowrap|'''v'''{{t}} {{=}} ''W'''''a'''{{t}}}} where {{t}} denotes the transpose. Then the dot product of weighted vals is {{nowrap|'''vv'''{{t}} {{=}} '''a'''''W'' 2'''a'''{{t}}}}, which makes the Euclidean metric on vals, a measure of complexity, to be {{nowrap|‖'''v'''‖2 {{=}} √('''vv'''{{t}})}} {{nowrap|{{=}} √({{subsup|''a''|2|2}} + {{subsup|''a''|3|2}}/(log23)2 + … + {{subsup|''a''|''p''|2}}/(log2''p'')2)}}; dividing this by √(''n''), where {{nowrap|''n'' {{=}} π(''p'')}} is the number of primes to ''p'', gives the TE norm of a val.

Similarly, if '''b''' is a monzo, then in weighted coordinates the monzo becomes {{nowrap|'''m''' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}'''b'''}}, and the dot product is {{nowrap|'''m'''{{t}}'''m''' {{=}} '''b'''{{t}}''W''-2'''b'''}}, leading to {{nowrap|√('''m'''{{t}}'''m''') {{=}} √({{subsup|''b''|2|2}} + (log23)2{{subsup|''b''|3|2}} + … + (log2''p'')2{{subsup|''b''|''p''|2}})}}; multiplying this by √(''n'') gives the dual RMS norm on monzos which serves as a measure of complexity.

== TE temperamental norm ==

Suppose now ''A'' is a matrix whose rows are vals defining a ''p''-limit regular temperament. Then the corresponding weighted matrix is {{nowrap|''V'' {{=}} ''AW''}}. The [[Tenney–Euclidean tuning|TE tuning]] [[projection matrix]] is then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''V''{{+}}''V''}}, where ''V''{{+}} denotes the {{w|Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse}} of ''V''. If the rows of ''V'' (or equivalently, ''A'') are linearly independent, then we have {{nowrap|''V''{{+}} {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In terms of vals, the tuning projection matrix is {{nowrap|''V''{{+}}''V'' {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}''V''}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''WA''{{t}}(''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''AW''}}. ''P'' is a {{w|positive-definite matrix|positive semidefinite matrix}}, so it defines a {{w|definite bilinear form|positive semidefinite bilinear form}}. In terms of weighted monzos '''m'''1 and '''m'''2, {{subsup|'''m'''|1|T}}''P'''''m'''2 defines the semidefinite form on weighted monzos, and hence {{subsup|'''b'''|1|T}}''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}'''b'''2 defines a semidefinite form on unweighted monzos, in terms of the matrix {{nowrap|'''P''' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''A''{{t}}(''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A''}}. From the semidefinite form we obtain an associated {{w|definite quadratic form|semidefinite quadratic form}} '''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''' and from this the {{w|norm (mathematics)|seminorm}} √('''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''').

Suppose now ''A'' is a matrix whose rows are vals defining a ''p''-limit regular temperament. Then the corresponding weighted matrix is {{nowrap|''V'' {{=}} ''AW''}}. The [[Tenney–Euclidean tuning|TE tuning]] [[projection matrix]] is then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''V''{{+}}''V''}}, where ''V''{{+}} denotes the {{w|Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse}} of ''V''. If the rows of ''V'' (or equivalently, ''A'') are linearly independent, then we have {{nowrap|''V''{{+}} {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In terms of vals, the tuning projection matrix is {{nowrap|''V''{{+}}''V'' {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}''V''}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''WA''{{t}}(''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''AW''}}. ''P'' is a {{w|positive-definite matrix|positive semidefinite matrix}}, so it defines a {{w|definite bilinear form|positive semidefinite bilinear form}}. In terms of weighted monzos '''m'''1 and '''m'''2, {{subsup|'''m'''|1|T}}''P'''''m'''2 defines the semidefinite form on weighted monzos, and hence {{subsup|'''b'''|1|T}}''W'' {{inv}}''PW'' {{inv}}'''b'''2 defines a semidefinite form on unweighted monzos, in terms of the matrix {{nowrap|'''P''' {{=}} ''W'' {{inv}}''PW'' {{inv}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''A''{{t}}(''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A''}}. From the semidefinite form we obtain an associated {{w|definite quadratic form|semidefinite quadratic form}} '''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''' and from this the {{w|norm (mathematics)|seminorm}} √('''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''').

It may be noted that {{nowrap|(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}} {{=}} (''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is the inverse of the {{w|Gramian matrix}} used to compute [[TE complexity]], and hence is the corresponding Gram matrix for the dual space. Hence '''P''' represents a change of basis defined by the mapping given by the vals combined with an {{w|inner product space|inner product}} on the result. Given a monzo '''b''', ''A'''''b''' represents the tempered interval corresponding to '''b''' in a basis defined by the mapping ''A'', and {{nowrap|''P''''T'' {{=}} (''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} defines a positive-definite quadratic form, and hence a norm, on the tempered interval space with basis defined by ''A''.

It may be noted that {{nowrap|(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}} {{=}} (''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is the inverse of the {{w|Gramian matrix}} used to compute [[TE complexity]], and hence is the corresponding Gram matrix for the dual space. Hence '''P''' represents a change of basis defined by the mapping given by the vals combined with an {{w|inner product space|inner product}} on the result. Given a monzo '''b''', ''A'''''b''' represents the tempered interval corresponding to '''b''' in a basis defined by the mapping ''A'', and {{nowrap|''P''''T'' {{=}} (''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} defines a positive-definite quadratic form, and hence a norm, on the tempered interval space with basis defined by ''A''.

Denoting the temperament-defined, or temperamental, seminorm by ''T''(''x''), the subspace of interval space such that {{nowrap|''T''(''x'') {{=}} 0}} contains a lattice consisting of the commas of the temperament, which is a sublattice of the lattice of monzos. The {{w|quotient space (linear algebra)|quotient space}} of the full vector space by the commatic subspace such that {{nowrap|''T''(''x'') {{=}} 0}} is now a {{w|normed vector space}} with norm given by ''T'', in which the intervals of the regular temperament define a lattice. The norm ''T'' on these lattice points is the '''TE temperamental norm''' or '''TE temperamental complexity''' of the intervals of the regular temperament; in terms of the basis defined by ''A'', it is √('''t'''{{t}}''P''''T'''''t''') where '''t''' is the image of a monzo '''b''' by {{nowrap|'''t''' {{=}} ''A'''''b'''}}.

== Octave-equivalent TE seminorm ==

Instead of starting from a matrix of vals, we may start from a matrix of monzos. If ''B'' is a matrix with columns of monzos spanning the commas of a regular temperament, then {{nowrap|''M'' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}''B''}} is the corresponding weighted matrix. {{nowrap|''Q'' {{=}} ''MM''{{+}}}} is a projection matrix dual to {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''Q''}}, where ''I'' is the identity matrix, and ''P'' is the same symmetric matrix as in the previous section. If the rows define a basis for the commas of the temperament, and are therefore linearly independent, then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''M''(''M''{{t}}''M''){{inv}}''M''{{t}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''I'' − ''W''{{inv}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W''-2''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}W{{inv}}}}, and {{nowrap|'''m'''{{t}}''P'''''m''' {{=}} '''b'''{{t}}''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}'''b'''}}, or {{nowrap|'''b'''{{t}}(''W''{{inv|2}} − ''W''{{inv|2}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W''{{inv|2}}''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}''W''{{inv|2}})'''b'''}}, so that the terms inside the parenthesis define a formula for '''P''' in terms of the matrix of monzos ''B''.

Instead of starting from a matrix of vals, we may start from a matrix of monzos. If ''B'' is a matrix with columns of monzos spanning the commas of a regular temperament, then {{nowrap|''M'' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}''B''}} is the corresponding weighted matrix. {{nowrap|''Q'' {{=}} ''MM''{{+}}}} is a projection matrix dual to {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''Q''}}, where ''I'' is the identity matrix, and ''P'' is the same symmetric matrix as in the previous section. If the rows define a basis for the commas of the temperament, and are therefore linearly independent, then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''M''(''M''{{t}}''M''){{inv}}''M''{{t}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''I'' − ''W'' {{inv}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W'' −2''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}''W'' {{inv}}}}, and {{nowrap|'''m'''{{t}}''P'''''m''' {{=}} '''b'''{{t}}''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}'''b'''}}, or {{nowrap|'''b'''{{t}}(''W'' {{inv|2}} − ''W'' {{inv|2}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W'' {{inv|2}}''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}''W''{{inv|2}})'''b'''}}, so that the terms inside the parenthesis define a formula for '''P''' in terms of the matrix of monzos ''B''.

To define the '''octave-equivalent Tenney–Euclidean seminorm''', or '''OETES''', we simply add a column {{monzo| 1 0 0 … 0 }} representing 2 to the matrix ''B''. An alternative procedure is to find the [[Normal lists #Normal val list|normal val list]], and remove the first val from the list, corresponding to the octave or some fraction thereof, and proceed as in the previous section on temperamental complexity. This seminorm is a measure of the octave-equivalent complexity of a given ''p''-limit rational interval in terms of the ''p''-limit regular temperament given by ''A''.

== Examples ==

Consider the temperament defined by the 5-limit [[patent val]]s for 15 and 22 equal. From the vals, we may construct a 2×3 matrix {{nowrap|''A'' {{=}} {{mapping| 15 24 35 | 22 35 51 }}}}. From this we may obtain the matrix '''P''' as ''A''{{t}}(''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A'', approximately

Consider the temperament defined by the 5-limit [[patent val]]s for 15 and 22 equal. From the vals, we may construct a 2×3 matrix {{nowrap|''A'' {{=}} {{mapping| 15 24 35 | 22 35 51 }}}}. From this we may obtain the matrix '''P''' as ''A''{{t}}(''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A'', approximately

<math>

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Similarly, starting from the monzo {{monzo| -1 1 0 }} for 3/2, we may multiply this by '''P''', obtaining {{val| -0.8793 0.9957 1.9526 }}, and taking the dot product of this with {{monzo| -1 1 0 }} gives 1.875 with square root 1.3693, which is ''T''(3/2).

We can, however, map the monzos to elements of a rank-''r'' abelian group (where ''r'' is the rank of the temperament) which abstractly represents the elements of the temperament without regard to tuning, the [[abstract regular temperament]]. If '''b''' is a monzo, this mapping is given by ''A'''''b'''. Hence we have ''A''{{monzo| 1 -5 3 }} maps to {{monzo| 0 0 }} for the interval associated to 250/243, and ''A''{{monzo| -1 1 0 }} maps to {{monzo| 9 13 }} for the interval assciated to 3/2. This is the number of steps needed to get to 3/2 in 15et and 22et respectively. We now may obtain a matrix defining the temperamental norm on this abstract temperament by ''P''''T'' = (''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}, which is approximately

We can, however, map the monzos to elements of a rank-''r'' abelian group (where ''r'' is the rank of the temperament) which abstractly represents the elements of the temperament without regard to tuning, the [[abstract regular temperament]]. If '''b''' is a monzo, this mapping is given by ''A'''''b'''. Hence we have ''A''{{monzo| 1 -5 3 }} maps to {{monzo| 0 0 }} for the interval associated to 250/243, and ''A''{{monzo| -1 1 0 }} maps to {{monzo| 9 13 }} for the interval assciated to 3/2. This is the number of steps needed to get to 3/2 in 15et and 22et respectively. We now may obtain a matrix defining the temperamental norm on this abstract temperament by ''P''''T'' = (''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}, which is approximately

<math>

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Using this, we find the temperamental norm of {{monzo| 9 13 }} to be {{nowrap|√([9 13]''P''''T''[9 13]{{t}}) ~ √(1.875)}} ~ 1.3693, identical to the temperamental seminorm of 3/2. Note however that while '''P''' does not depend on the choice of basis vals for the temperament, ''P''''T'' does; if we choose {{mapping| 1 2 3 | 0 -3 -5 }} for our basis instead, then 3/2 is represented by {{monzo| 1 -3 }} and ''P''''T'' changes coordinates to produce the same final result of temperamental complexity.

If instead we want the OETES, we may remove the first row of {{mapping| 1 2 3 | 0 -3 -5 }}, leaving just {{mapping| 0 -3 -5 }}. If we now call this 1×3 matrix ''A'', then {{nowrap|''P''''T'' {{=}} (''AW''2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is a 1×1 matrix; in effect a scalar, with value {{mapping| 0.1215588 }}. Multiplying a monzo '''b''' by ''A'' on the left gives a 1×1 matrix ''A'''''b''' whose value is the number of generator steps of porcupine (of size a tempered 10/9) it takes to get to the octave class to which '''b''' belongs. Performing the multiplication and taking the square root, we conclude the OE complexity is simply proportional to this number of generator steps.

If instead we want the OETES, we may remove the first row of {{mapping| 1 2 3 | 0 -3 -5 }}, leaving just {{mapping| 0 -3 -5 }}. If we now call this 1×3 matrix ''A'', then {{nowrap|''P''''T'' {{=}} (''AW'' 2''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is a 1×1 matrix; in effect a scalar, with value {{mapping| 0.1215588 }}. Multiplying a monzo '''b''' by ''A'' on the left gives a 1×1 matrix ''A'''''b''' whose value is the number of generator steps of porcupine (of size a tempered 10/9) it takes to get to the octave class to which '''b''' belongs. Performing the multiplication and taking the square root, we conclude the OE complexity is simply proportional to this number of generator steps.

For a more substantial example we need to consider at least a rank-3 temperament, so let us turn to 7-limit marvel, the 7-limit temperament tempering out 225/224. The 2×4 matrix of monzos whose first row represents 2 and whose second row 225/224 is {{monzo list| 1 0 0 0 | -5 2 2 -1 }}. If we denote log2 of the odd primes by p3, p5, p7 etc, then the monzo weighting of this matrix is {{nowrap|''M'' {{=}} {{monzo list| 1 0 0 0 | -5 2p3 2p5 -p7 }}}}, and {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''MM''{{+}}}} = [{{monzo| 1 0 0 0 }}, {{monzo| 0 4(p5)2 + (p7)2 -4(p3)(p5) 2(p3)(p7) }}/''H'', {{monzo| 0 -4(p3)(p5) 4(p3)2 + (p7)2 2(p5)(p7) }}/''H'', {{monzo| 0 2(p3)(p7) 2(p5)(p7) 4((p3)2 + (p5)2) }}/''H''], where {{nowrap|''H'' {{=}} 4(p3)2 + 4(p5)2 + (p7)2}}. On the other hand, we may start from the normal val list for the temperament, which is {{mapping| 1 0 0 -5 | 0 1 0 2 | 0 0 1 2 }}. Removing the first row gives {{mapping| 0 1 0 2 | 0 0 1 2 }}, and val weighting this gives {{nowrap|''C'' {{=}} {{mapping| 0 1/p3 0 2/p7 | 0 0 1/p5 2/p7 }}}}. Then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''C''{{+}}''C''}} is precisely the same matrix we obtained before.

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Octaves are now projected to the origin as well as commas. We can as before form the quotient space with respect to the seminorm, and obtain a normed space in which octave-equivalent interval classes of the intervals of the temperament are the lattice points. This seminorm applied to monzos gives the OE complexity.

If we start from a normal val list and remove the first val, the remaining vals map to the octave classes of the notes of the temperament. If we call this reduced list of vals ''R'', then the inner product on note classes in this basis is defined by the symmetric matrix {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} (''RW''2''R''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In the case of marvel, we obtain {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} ~~{{!((}}~~(p3)2(4(p5)2 + (p7)2) -4(p3)2(p5)2~~{{)!}}~~,}} {{nowrap|~~{{!(}}~~-4(p3)2(p5)2 (p5)2(4(p3)2 + (p7)2)~~{{))!}}~~/''H''}}. If {{nowrap|'''k''' {{=}} {{monzo| ''k''1 ''k''2 }}}} is a note class of marvel in the coordinates defined by the truncated val list ''R'', which in this case has a basis corresponding to tempered 3 and 5, then √('''k'''{{t}}''S'''''k''') gives the OE complexity of the note class.

If we start from a normal val list and remove the first val, the remaining vals map to the octave classes of the notes of the temperament. If we call this reduced list of vals ''R'', then the inner product on note classes in this basis is defined by the symmetric matrix {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} (''RW'' 2''R''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In the case of marvel, we obtain {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} [[(p3)2(4(p5)2 + (p7)2) -4(p3)2(p5)2],}} {{nowrap|[-4(p3)2(p5)2 (p5)2(4(p3)2 + (p7)2)]]/''H''}}. If {{nowrap|'''k''' {{=}} {{monzo| ''k''1 ''k''2 }}}} is a note class of marvel in the coordinates defined by the truncated val list ''R'', which in this case has a basis corresponding to tempered 3 and 5, then √('''k'''{{t}}''S'''''k''') gives the OE complexity of the note class.

[[Category:Math]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 The '''Tenney–Euclidean norm''' ('''TE norm''') or '''Tenney–Euclidean complexity''' ('''TE complexity''') applies to vals as well as to monzos.
-Let us define the val weighting matrix ''W'' to be the {{w|diagonal matrix}} with values 1, 1/log<sub>2</sub>3, 1/log<sub>2</sub>5 … 1/log<sub>2</sub>''p'' along the diagonal. Given a val '''a''' expressed as a row vector, the corresponding vector in weighted coordinates is {{nowrap|'''v''' {{=}} '''a'''''W''}}, with transpose {{nowrap|'''v'''{{t}} {{=}} ''W'''''a'''{{t}}}} where {{t}} denotes the transpose. Then the dot product of weighted vals is {{nowrap|'''vv'''{{t}} {{=}} '''a'''''W''<sup>2</sup>'''a'''{{t}}}}, which makes the Euclidean metric on vals, a measure of complexity, to be {{nowrap|‖'''v'''‖<sub>2</sub> {{=}} √('''vv'''{{t}})}} {{nowrap|{{=}} √({{subsup|''a''|2|2}} + {{subsup|''a''|3|2}}/(log<sub>2</sub>3)<sup>2</sup> + … + {{subsup|''a''|''p''|2}}/(log<sub>2</sub>''p'')<sup>2</sup>)}}; dividing this by √(''n''), where {{nowrap|''n'' {{=}} π(''p'')}} is the number of primes to ''p'', gives the TE norm of a val.
+Let us define the val weighting matrix ''W'' to be the {{w|diagonal matrix}} with values 1, 1/log<sub>2</sub>3, 1/log<sub>2</sub>5 … 1/log<sub>2</sub>''p'' along the diagonal. Given a val '''a''' expressed as a row vector, the corresponding vector in weighted coordinates is {{nowrap|'''v''' {{=}} '''a'''''W''}}, with transpose {{nowrap|'''v'''{{t}} {{=}} ''W'''''a'''{{t}}}} where {{t}} denotes the transpose. Then the dot product of weighted vals is {{nowrap|'''vv'''{{t}} {{=}} '''a'''''W''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>'''a'''{{t}}}}, which makes the Euclidean metric on vals, a measure of complexity, to be {{nowrap|‖'''v'''‖<sub>2</sub> {{=}} √('''vv'''{{t}})}} {{nowrap|{{=}} √({{subsup|''a''|2|2}} + {{subsup|''a''|3|2}}/(log<sub>2</sub>3)<sup>2</sup> + … + {{subsup|''a''|''p''|2}}/(log<sub>2</sub>''p'')<sup>2</sup>)}}; dividing this by √(''n''), where {{nowrap|''n'' {{=}} π(''p'')}} is the number of primes to ''p'', gives the TE norm of a val.
 Similarly, if '''b''' is a monzo, then in weighted coordinates the monzo becomes {{nowrap|'''m''' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}'''b'''}}, and the dot product is {{nowrap|'''m'''{{t}}'''m''' {{=}} '''b'''{{t}}''W''<sup>-2</sup>'''b'''}}, leading to {{nowrap|√('''m'''{{t}}'''m''') {{=}} √({{subsup|''b''|2|2}} + (log<sub>2</sub>3)<sup>2</sup>{{subsup|''b''|3|2}} + … + (log<sub>2</sub>''p'')<sup>2</sup>{{subsup|''b''|''p''|2}})}}; multiplying this by √(''n'') gives the dual RMS norm on monzos which serves as a measure of complexity.
 == TE temperamental norm ==
-Suppose now ''A'' is a matrix whose rows are vals defining a ''p''-limit regular temperament. Then the corresponding weighted matrix is {{nowrap|''V'' {{=}} ''AW''}}. The [[Tenney–Euclidean tuning|TE tuning]] [[projection matrix]] is then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''V''{{+}}''V''}}, where ''V''{{+}} denotes the {{w|Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse}} of ''V''. If the rows of ''V'' (or equivalently, ''A'') are linearly independent, then we have {{nowrap|''V''{{+}} {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In terms of vals, the tuning projection matrix is {{nowrap|''V''{{+}}''V'' {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}''V''}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''WA''{{t}}(''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''AW''}}. ''P'' is a {{w|positive-definite matrix|positive semidefinite matrix}}, so it defines a {{w|definite bilinear form|positive semidefinite bilinear form}}. In terms of weighted monzos '''m'''<sub>1</sub> and '''m'''<sub>2</sub>, {{subsup|'''m'''|1|T}}''P'''''m'''<sub>2</sub> defines the semidefinite form on weighted monzos, and hence {{subsup|'''b'''|1|T}}''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}'''b'''<sub>2</sub> defines a semidefinite form on unweighted monzos, in terms of the matrix {{nowrap|'''P''' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''A''{{t}}(''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A''}}. From the semidefinite form we obtain an associated {{w|definite quadratic form|semidefinite quadratic form}} '''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''' and from this the {{w|norm (mathematics)|seminorm}} √('''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''').
+Suppose now ''A'' is a matrix whose rows are vals defining a ''p''-limit regular temperament. Then the corresponding weighted matrix is {{nowrap|''V'' {{=}} ''AW''}}. The [[Tenney–Euclidean tuning|TE tuning]] [[projection matrix]] is then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''V''{{+}}''V''}}, where ''V''{{+}} denotes the {{w|Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse}} of ''V''. If the rows of ''V'' (or equivalently, ''A'') are linearly independent, then we have {{nowrap|''V''{{+}} {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In terms of vals, the tuning projection matrix is {{nowrap|''V''{{+}}''V'' {{=}} ''V''{{t}}(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}}''V''}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''WA''{{t}}(''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''AW''}}. ''P'' is a {{w|positive-definite matrix|positive semidefinite matrix}}, so it defines a {{w|definite bilinear form|positive semidefinite bilinear form}}. In terms of weighted monzos '''m'''<sub>1</sub> and '''m'''<sub>2</sub>, {{subsup|'''m'''|1|T}}''P'''''m'''<sub>2</sub> defines the semidefinite form on weighted monzos, and hence {{subsup|'''b'''|1|T}}''W''&#x200A;{{inv}}''PW''&#x200A;{{inv}}'''b'''<sub>2</sub> defines a semidefinite form on unweighted monzos, in terms of the matrix {{nowrap|'''P''' {{=}} ''W''&#x200A;{{inv}}''PW''&#x200A;{{inv}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''A''{{t}}(''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A''}}. From the semidefinite form we obtain an associated {{w|definite quadratic form|semidefinite quadratic form}} '''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''' and from this the {{w|norm (mathematics)|seminorm}} √('''b'''{{t}}'''Pb''').
-It may be noted that {{nowrap|(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}} {{=}} (''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is the inverse of the {{w|Gramian matrix}} used to compute [[TE complexity]], and hence is the corresponding Gram matrix for the dual space. Hence '''P''' represents a change of basis defined by the mapping given by the vals combined with an {{w|inner product space|inner product}} on the result. Given a monzo '''b''', ''A'''''b''' represents the tempered interval corresponding to '''b''' in a basis defined by the mapping ''A'', and {{nowrap|''P''<sub>''T''</sub> {{=}} (''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} defines a positive-definite quadratic form, and hence a norm, on the tempered interval space with basis defined by ''A''.
+It may be noted that {{nowrap|(''VV''{{t}}){{inv}} {{=}} (''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is the inverse of the {{w|Gramian matrix}} used to compute [[TE complexity]], and hence is the corresponding Gram matrix for the dual space. Hence '''P''' represents a change of basis defined by the mapping given by the vals combined with an {{w|inner product space|inner product}} on the result. Given a monzo '''b''', ''A'''''b''' represents the tempered interval corresponding to '''b''' in a basis defined by the mapping ''A'', and {{nowrap|''P''<sub>''T''</sub> {{=}} (''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} defines a positive-definite quadratic form, and hence a norm, on the tempered interval space with basis defined by ''A''.
 Denoting the temperament-defined, or temperamental, seminorm by ''T''(''x''), the subspace of interval space such that {{nowrap|''T''(''x'') {{=}} 0}} contains a lattice consisting of the commas of the temperament, which is a sublattice of the lattice of monzos. The {{w|quotient space (linear algebra)|quotient space}} of the full vector space by the commatic subspace such that {{nowrap|''T''(''x'') {{=}} 0}} is now a {{w|normed vector space}} with norm given by ''T'', in which the intervals of the regular temperament define a lattice. The norm ''T'' on these lattice points is the '''TE temperamental norm''' or '''TE temperamental complexity''' of the intervals of the regular temperament; in terms of the basis defined by ''A'', it is √('''t'''{{t}}''P''<sub>''T''</sub>'''t''') where '''t''' is the image of a monzo '''b''' by {{nowrap|'''t''' {{=}} ''A'''''b'''}}.
 == Octave-equivalent TE seminorm ==
-Instead of starting from a matrix of vals, we may start from a matrix of monzos. If ''B'' is a matrix with columns of monzos spanning the commas of a regular temperament, then {{nowrap|''M'' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}''B''}} is the corresponding weighted matrix. {{nowrap|''Q'' {{=}} ''MM''{{+}}}} is a projection matrix dual to {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''Q''}}, where ''I'' is the identity matrix, and ''P'' is the same symmetric matrix as in the previous section. If the rows define a basis for the commas of the temperament, and are therefore linearly independent, then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''M''(''M''{{t}}''M''){{inv}}''M''{{t}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''I'' − ''W''{{inv}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W''<sup>-2</sup>''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}W{{inv}}}}, and {{nowrap|'''m'''{{t}}''P'''''m''' {{=}} '''b'''{{t}}''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}'''b'''}}, or {{nowrap|'''b'''{{t}}(''W''{{inv|2}} − ''W''{{inv|2}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W''{{inv|2}}''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}''W''{{inv|2}})'''b'''}}, so that the terms inside the parenthesis define a formula for '''P''' in terms of the matrix of monzos ''B''.
+Instead of starting from a matrix of vals, we may start from a matrix of monzos. If ''B'' is a matrix with columns of monzos spanning the commas of a regular temperament, then {{nowrap|''M'' {{=}} ''W''{{inv}}''B''}} is the corresponding weighted matrix. {{nowrap|''Q'' {{=}} ''MM''{{+}}}} is a projection matrix dual to {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''Q''}}, where ''I'' is the identity matrix, and ''P'' is the same symmetric matrix as in the previous section. If the rows define a basis for the commas of the temperament, and are therefore linearly independent, then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''M''(''M''{{t}}''M''){{inv}}''M''{{t}}}} {{nowrap|{{=}} ''I'' − ''W''&#x200A;{{inv}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W''&#x200A;<sup>−2</sup>''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}''W''&#x200A;{{inv}}}}, and {{nowrap|'''m'''{{t}}''P'''''m''' {{=}} '''b'''{{t}}''W''{{inv}}''PW''{{inv}}'''b'''}}, or {{nowrap|'''b'''{{t}}(''W''&#x200A;{{inv|2}} − ''W''&#x200A;{{inv|2}}''B''(''B''{{t}}''W''&#x200A;{{inv|2}}''B''){{inv}}''B''{{t}}''W''{{inv|2}})'''b'''}}, so that the terms inside the parenthesis define a formula for '''P''' in terms of the matrix of monzos ''B''.
 To define the '''octave-equivalent Tenney–Euclidean seminorm''', or '''OETES''', we simply add a column {{monzo| 1 0 0 … 0 }} representing 2 to the matrix ''B''. An alternative procedure is to find the [[Normal lists #Normal val list|normal val list]], and remove the first val from the list, corresponding to the octave or some fraction thereof, and proceed as in the previous section on temperamental complexity. This seminorm is a measure of the octave-equivalent complexity of a given ''p''-limit rational interval in terms of the ''p''-limit regular temperament given by ''A''.
 == Examples ==
-Consider the temperament defined by the 5-limit [[patent val]]s for 15 and 22 equal. From the vals, we may construct a 2×3 matrix {{nowrap|''A'' {{=}} {{mapping| 15 24 35 | 22 35 51 }}}}. From this we may obtain the matrix '''P''' as ''A''{{t}}(''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A'', approximately
+Consider the temperament defined by the 5-limit [[patent val]]s for 15 and 22 equal. From the vals, we may construct a 2×3 matrix {{nowrap|''A'' {{=}} {{mapping| 15 24 35 | 22 35 51 }}}}. From this we may obtain the matrix '''P''' as ''A''{{t}}(''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}''A'', approximately
 <math>
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 Similarly, starting from the monzo {{monzo| -1 1 0 }} for 3/2, we may multiply this by '''P''', obtaining {{val| -0.8793 0.9957 1.9526 }}, and taking the dot product of this with {{monzo| -1 1 0 }} gives 1.875 with square root 1.3693, which is ''T''(3/2).
-We can, however, map the monzos to elements of a rank-''r'' abelian group (where ''r'' is the rank of the temperament) which abstractly represents the elements of the temperament without regard to tuning, the [[abstract regular temperament]]. If '''b''' is a monzo, this mapping is given by ''A'''''b'''. Hence we have ''A''{{monzo| 1 -5 3 }} maps to {{monzo| 0 0 }} for the interval associated to 250/243, and ''A''{{monzo| -1 1 0 }} maps to {{monzo| 9 13 }} for the interval assciated to 3/2. This is the number of steps needed to get to 3/2 in 15et and 22et respectively. We now may obtain a matrix defining the temperamental norm on this abstract temperament by ''P''<sub>''T''</sub> = (''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}, which is approximately
+We can, however, map the monzos to elements of a rank-''r'' abelian group (where ''r'' is the rank of the temperament) which abstractly represents the elements of the temperament without regard to tuning, the [[abstract regular temperament]]. If '''b''' is a monzo, this mapping is given by ''A'''''b'''. Hence we have ''A''{{monzo| 1 -5 3 }} maps to {{monzo| 0 0 }} for the interval associated to 250/243, and ''A''{{monzo| -1 1 0 }} maps to {{monzo| 9 13 }} for the interval assciated to 3/2. This is the number of steps needed to get to 3/2 in 15et and 22et respectively. We now may obtain a matrix defining the temperamental norm on this abstract temperament by ''P''<sub>''T''</sub> = (''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}, which is approximately
 <math>
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 Using this, we find the temperamental norm of {{monzo| 9 13 }} to be {{nowrap|√([9 13]''P''<sub>''T''</sub>[9 13]{{t}}) ~ √(1.875)}} ~&nbsp;1.3693, identical to the temperamental seminorm of 3/2. Note however that while '''P''' does not depend on the choice of basis vals for the temperament, ''P''<sub>''T''</sub> does; if we choose {{mapping| 1 2 3 | 0 -3 -5 }} for our basis instead, then 3/2 is represented by {{monzo| 1 -3 }} and ''P''<sub>''T''</sub> changes coordinates to produce the same final result of temperamental complexity.
-If instead we want the OETES, we may remove the first row of {{mapping| 1 2 3 | 0 -3 -5 }}, leaving just {{mapping| 0 -3 -5 }}. If we now call this 1×3 matrix ''A'', then {{nowrap|''P''<sub>''T''</sub> {{=}} (''AW''<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is a 1×1 matrix; in effect a scalar, with value {{mapping| 0.1215588 }}. Multiplying a monzo '''b''' by ''A'' on the left gives a 1×1 matrix ''A'''''b''' whose value is the number of generator steps of porcupine (of size a tempered 10/9) it takes to get to the octave class to which '''b''' belongs. Performing the multiplication and taking the square root, we conclude the OE complexity is simply proportional to this number of generator steps.
+If instead we want the OETES, we may remove the first row of {{mapping| 1 2 3 | 0 -3 -5 }}, leaving just {{mapping| 0 -3 -5 }}. If we now call this 1×3 matrix ''A'', then {{nowrap|''P''<sub>''T''</sub> {{=}} (''AW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''A''{{t}}){{inv}}}} is a 1×1 matrix; in effect a scalar, with value {{mapping| 0.1215588 }}. Multiplying a monzo '''b''' by ''A'' on the left gives a 1×1 matrix ''A'''''b''' whose value is the number of generator steps of porcupine (of size a tempered 10/9) it takes to get to the octave class to which '''b''' belongs. Performing the multiplication and taking the square root, we conclude the OE complexity is simply proportional to this number of generator steps.
 For a more substantial example we need to consider at least a rank-3 temperament, so let us turn to 7-limit marvel, the 7-limit temperament tempering out 225/224. The 2×4 matrix of monzos whose first row represents 2 and whose second row 225/224 is {{monzo list| 1 0 0 0 | -5 2 2 -1 }}. If we denote log<sub>2</sub> of the odd primes by p3, p5, p7 etc, then the monzo weighting of this matrix is {{nowrap|''M'' {{=}} {{monzo list| 1 0 0 0 | -5 2p3 2p5 -p7 }}}}, and {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''I'' − ''MM''{{+}}}} =&nbsp;[{{monzo| 1 0 0 0 }}, {{monzo| 0 4(p5)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup> -4(p3)(p5) 2(p3)(p7) }}/''H'', {{monzo| 0 -4(p3)(p5) 4(p3)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup> 2(p5)(p7) }}/''H'', {{monzo| 0 2(p3)(p7) 2(p5)(p7) 4((p3)<sup>2</sup> + (p5)<sup>2</sup>) }}/''H''], where {{nowrap|''H'' {{=}} 4(p3)<sup>2</sup> + 4(p5)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup>}}. On the other hand, we may start from the normal val list for the temperament, which is {{mapping| 1 0 0 -5 | 0 1 0 2 | 0 0 1 2 }}. Removing the first row gives {{mapping| 0 1 0 2 | 0 0 1 2 }}, and val weighting this gives {{nowrap|''C'' {{=}} {{mapping| 0 1/p3 0 2/p7 | 0 0 1/p5 2/p7 }}}}. Then {{nowrap|''P'' {{=}} ''C''{{+}}''C''}} is precisely the same matrix we obtained before.
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 Octaves are now projected to the origin as well as commas. We can as before form the quotient space with respect to the seminorm, and obtain a normed space in which octave-equivalent interval classes of the intervals of the temperament are the lattice points. This seminorm applied to monzos gives the OE complexity.
-If we start from a normal val list and remove the first val, the remaining vals map to the octave classes of the notes of the temperament. If we call this reduced list of vals ''R'', then the inner product on note classes in this basis is defined by the symmetric matrix {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} (''RW''<sup>2</sup>''R''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In the case of marvel, we obtain {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} {{!((}}(p3)<sup>2</sup>(4(p5)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup>) -4(p3)<sup>2</sup>(p5)<sup>2</sup>{{)!}},}} {{nowrap|{{!(}}-4(p3)<sup>2</sup>(p5)<sup>2</sup> (p5)<sup>2</sup>(4(p3)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup>){{))!}}/''H''}}. If {{nowrap|'''k''' {{=}} {{monzo| ''k''<sub>1</sub> ''k''<sub>2</sub> }}}} is a note class of marvel in the coordinates defined by the truncated val list ''R'', which in this case has a basis corresponding to tempered 3 and 5, then √('''k'''{{t}}''S'''''k''') gives the OE complexity of the note class.
+If we start from a normal val list and remove the first val, the remaining vals map to the octave classes of the notes of the temperament. If we call this reduced list of vals ''R'', then the inner product on note classes in this basis is defined by the symmetric matrix {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} (''RW''&#x200A;<sup>2</sup>''R''{{t}}){{inv}}}}. In the case of marvel, we obtain {{nowrap|''S'' {{=}} [[(p3)<sup>2</sup>(4(p5)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup>) -4(p3)<sup>2</sup>(p5)<sup>2</sup>],}} {{nowrap|[-4(p3)<sup>2</sup>(p5)<sup>2</sup> (p5)<sup>2</sup>(4(p3)<sup>2</sup> + (p7)<sup>2</sup>)]]/''H''}}. If {{nowrap|'''k''' {{=}} {{monzo| ''k''<sub>1</sub> ''k''<sub>2</sub> }}}} is a note class of marvel in the coordinates defined by the truncated val list ''R'', which in this case has a basis corresponding to tempered 3 and 5, then √('''k'''{{t}}''S'''''k''') gives the OE complexity of the note class.
 [[Category:Math]]