Middle-Eastern music: Difference between revisions
Wikispaces>hstraub **Imported revision 432292286 - Original comment: ** |
Wikispaces>hstraub **Imported revision 432292578 - Original comment: ** |
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<h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2> | <h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2> | ||
This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br> | This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br> | ||
: This revision was by author [[User:hstraub|hstraub]] and made on <tt>2013-05-17 03: | : This revision was by author [[User:hstraub|hstraub]] and made on <tt>2013-05-17 03:20:56 UTC</tt>.<br> | ||
: The original revision id was <tt> | : The original revision id was <tt>432292578</tt>.<br> | ||
: The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | : The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | ||
The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br> | The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br> | ||
<h4>Original Wikitext content:</h4> | <h4>Original Wikitext content:</h4> | ||
<div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"> | <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html">long with the [[Indian]] tradition, the music of the Middle and Near East (Arabic, Turkish, and Persian) is one of the important microtonal <span class="wiki_link_ext">music</span> traditions. | ||
A central concept is "maqam" (pl. maqamat), which corresponds somewhat (but not exactly) to the Western "mode". An introduction to maqam theory can be found on [[http://www.maqamworld.com/|http://www.maqamworld.com]]. The Arabic maqam and Turkish makam systems differ to some degree from the related Persian system of dastgah. | A central concept is "maqam" (pl. maqamat), which corresponds somewhat (but not exactly) to the Western "mode". An introduction to maqam theory can be found on [[http://www.maqamworld.com/|http://www.maqamworld.com]]. The Arabic maqam and Turkish makam systems differ to some degree from the related Persian system of dastgah. | ||
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[[toc|flat]] | [[toc|flat]] | ||
---- | ---- | ||
=Maqamat in equal temperaments= | =Maqamat in equal temperaments= | ||
There have been various endeavors, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf|paper by Ozan Yarman]]. However, none of these have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in Western music). Given the subtleties sketched in the above mentioned podacst, this task is certainly nontrivial, if not finally impossible. | There have been various endeavors, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a [[http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf|paper by Ozan Yarman]]. However, none of these have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in Western music). Given the subtleties sketched in the above mentioned podacst, this task is certainly nontrivial, if not finally impossible. | ||
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=Unequal temperaments for maqamat= | =Unequal temperaments for maqamat= | ||
In equal temperaments, as seen above, there is always a tradeoff between the diverging requirements of high pitch accuracy and a manageable pitch count. One possible way out of this dilemma is use of unequal temperaments. These allow for playing of multiple maqamat with comparatively few notes, with, on the other hand, restrictions in the possibilities to modulate. | In equal temperaments, as seen above, there is always a tradeoff between the diverging requirements of high pitch accuracy and a manageable pitch count. One possible way out of this dilemma is use of unequal temperaments. These allow for playing of multiple maqamat with comparatively few notes, with, on the other hand, restrictions in the possibilities to modulate. | ||
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=External links= | =External links= | ||
===Arabic=== | ===Arabic=== | ||
[[http://www.maqamworld.com|Arabic Maqam World]] (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays //et al//) | [[http://www.maqamworld.com|Arabic Maqam World]] (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays //et al//) | ||
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<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 734px; width: 1px;"> [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=7&limit=2_3_5_11&key=7_11_16_24|7]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=24&limit=2_3_5_11&key=24_38_56_83|24]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=31&limit=2_3_5_11&key=31_49_72_107|31]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=14&limit=2_3_5_11&key=14_22_32_48|14c]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=17&limit=2_3_5_11&key=17_27_40_59|17c]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=38&limit=2_3_5_11&key=38_60_88_131|38]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=10&limit=2_3_5_11&key=10_16_24_35|10c]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=21&limit=2_3_5_11&key=21_33_48_72|21ce]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=45&limit=2_3_5_11&key=45_71_104_155|45e]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=55&limit=2_3_5_11&key=55_87_128_190|55]]</span></pre></div> | <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 734px; width: 1px;"> [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=7&limit=2_3_5_11&key=7_11_16_24|7]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=24&limit=2_3_5_11&key=24_38_56_83|24]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=31&limit=2_3_5_11&key=31_49_72_107|31]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=14&limit=2_3_5_11&key=14_22_32_48|14c]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=17&limit=2_3_5_11&key=17_27_40_59|17c]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=38&limit=2_3_5_11&key=38_60_88_131|38]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=10&limit=2_3_5_11&key=10_16_24_35|10c]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=21&limit=2_3_5_11&key=21_33_48_72|21ce]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=45&limit=2_3_5_11&key=45_71_104_155|45e]], [[http://x31eq.com/cgi-bin/rt.cgi?ets=55&limit=2_3_5_11&key=55_87_128_190|55]]</span></pre></div> | ||
<h4>Original HTML content:</h4> | <h4>Original HTML content:</h4> | ||
<div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><html><head><title>Arabic, Turkish, Persian</title></head><body> | <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><html><head><title>Arabic, Turkish, Persian</title></head><body>long with the <a class="wiki_link" href="/Indian">Indian</a> tradition, the music of the Middle and Near East (Arabic, Turkish, and Persian) is one of the important microtonal <span class="wiki_link_ext">music</span> traditions.<br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
A central concept is &quot;maqam&quot; (pl. maqamat), which corresponds somewhat (but not exactly) to the Western &quot;mode&quot;. An introduction to maqam theory can be found on <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.maqamworld.com</a>. The Arabic maqam and Turkish makam systems differ to some degree from the related Persian system of dastgah.<br /> | A central concept is &quot;maqam&quot; (pl. maqamat), which corresponds somewhat (but not exactly) to the Western &quot;mode&quot;. An introduction to maqam theory can be found on <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.maqamworld.com</a>. The Arabic maqam and Turkish makam systems differ to some degree from the related Persian system of dastgah.<br /> | ||
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<!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:18:&lt;img id=&quot;wikitext@@toc@@flat&quot; class=&quot;WikiMedia WikiMediaTocFlat&quot; title=&quot;Table of Contents&quot; src=&quot;/site/embedthumbnail/toc/flat?w=100&amp;h=16&quot;/&gt; --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:18 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:19: --><a href="#Maqamat in equal temperaments">Maqamat in equal temperaments</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:19 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:20: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:20 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:21: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:21 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:22: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:22 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:23: --> | <a href="#Unequal temperaments for maqamat">Unequal temperaments for maqamat</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:23 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:24: --> | <a href="#External links">External links</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:24 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:25: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:25 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:26: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:26 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:27: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:27 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:28: --> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:18:&lt;img id=&quot;wikitext@@toc@@flat&quot; class=&quot;WikiMedia WikiMediaTocFlat&quot; title=&quot;Table of Contents&quot; src=&quot;/site/embedthumbnail/toc/flat?w=100&amp;h=16&quot;/&gt; --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:18 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:19: --><a href="#Maqamat in equal temperaments">Maqamat in equal temperaments</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:19 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:20: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:20 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:21: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:21 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:22: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:22 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:23: --> | <a href="#Unequal temperaments for maqamat">Unequal temperaments for maqamat</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:23 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:24: --> | <a href="#External links">External links</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:24 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:25: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:25 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:26: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:26 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:27: --><!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:27 --><!-- ws:start:WikiTextTocRule:28: --> | ||
<!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:28 --><hr /> | <!-- ws:end:WikiTextTocRule:28 --><br /> | ||
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<hr /> | |||
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<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc0"><a name="Maqamat in equal temperaments"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->Maqamat in equal temperaments</h1> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:0:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc0"><a name="Maqamat in equal temperaments"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:0 -->Maqamat in equal temperaments</h1> | ||
There have been various endeavors, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf" rel="nofollow">paper by Ozan Yarman</a>. However, none of these have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in Western music). Given the subtleties sketched in the above mentioned podacst, this task is certainly nontrivial, if not finally impossible.<br /> | |||
There have been various endeavors, also in recent history, to establish a common tuning standard. A few of these are described in a <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.ozanyarman.com/files/34%27ten_79%27a.pdf" rel="nofollow">paper by Ozan Yarman</a>. However, none of these have been really successful (at least not as successful as 12edo in Western music). Given the subtleties sketched in the above mentioned podacst, this task is certainly nontrivial, if not finally impossible.<br /> | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
Depending on the accurateness that is wanted, we can distinguish different levels<br /> | Depending on the accurateness that is wanted, we can distinguish different levels<br /> | ||
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<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:8:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc4"><a name="Unequal temperaments for maqamat"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:8 -->Unequal temperaments for maqamat</h1> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:8:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc4"><a name="Unequal temperaments for maqamat"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:8 -->Unequal temperaments for maqamat</h1> | ||
In equal temperaments, as seen above, there is always a tradeoff between the diverging requirements of high pitch accuracy and a manageable pitch count. One possible way out of this dilemma is use of unequal temperaments. These allow for playing of multiple maqamat with comparatively few notes, with, on the other hand, restrictions in the possibilities to modulate.<br /> | |||
In equal temperaments, as seen above, there is always a tradeoff between the diverging requirements of high pitch accuracy and a manageable pitch count. One possible way out of this dilemma is use of unequal temperaments. These allow for playing of multiple maqamat with comparatively few notes, with, on the other hand, restrictions in the possibilities to modulate.<br /> | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
A paper by <a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Erv Wilson</a>, describing a variety of layouts of mideast tunings on generalized keyboards, can be found here: <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://anaphoria.com/RAST.PDF" rel="nofollow">http://anaphoria.com/RAST.PDF</a>.<br /> | A paper by <a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Erv Wilson</a>, describing a variety of layouts of mideast tunings on generalized keyboards, can be found here: <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://anaphoria.com/RAST.PDF" rel="nofollow">http://anaphoria.com/RAST.PDF</a>.<br /> | ||
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<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:10:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc5"><a name="External links"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:10 -->External links</h1> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:10:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc5"><a name="External links"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:10 -->External links</h1> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:12:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc6"><a name="External links--Arabic"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:12 -->Arabic</h3> | |||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:12:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc6"><a name="External links--Arabic"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:12 -->Arabic</h3> | |||
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com" rel="nofollow">Arabic Maqam World</a> (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays <em>et al</em>)<br /> | <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.maqamworld.com" rel="nofollow">Arabic Maqam World</a> (Johnny Farraj, Sami Abu Shumays <em>et al</em>)<br /> | ||
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm" rel="nofollow">Classical Arabic Music</a><br /> | <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/scales.htm" rel="nofollow">Classical Arabic Music</a><br /> | ||
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<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusicportal.org</a> - listening<br /> | <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusicportal.org</a> - listening<br /> | ||
<a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org</a> - listening<br /> | <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org</a> - listening<br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule: | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:175:http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.turkishmusic.org/index18.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:175 --> - listening<br /> | ||
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<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:16:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc8"><a name="External links--Persian"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:16 -->Persian</h3> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:16:&lt;h3&gt; --><h3 id="toc8"><a name="External links--Persian"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:16 -->Persian</h3> | ||