Microtonal music: Difference between revisions
Wikispaces>genewardsmith **Imported revision 246424071 - Original comment: ** |
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<h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2> | <h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2> | ||
This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br> | This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br> | ||
: This revision was by author [[User:genewardsmith|genewardsmith]] and made on <tt> | : This revision was by author [[User:genewardsmith|genewardsmith]] and made on <tt>2012-10-28 17:38:56 UTC</tt>.<br> | ||
: The original revision id was <tt> | : The original revision id was <tt>377129378</tt>.<br> | ||
: The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | : The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | ||
The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br> | The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br> | ||
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Many tunings of meantone temperament can be made to close, in practice, using a manageable number of notes per octave. The 1/3-comma and 1/4-comma meantones close very nearly in 19 and 31 tones per octave, respectively, with better approximations to the [[Limit (music)|5-limit]] thirds and sixths of the diatonic scale than can be found on modern 12-tone instruments. | Many tunings of meantone temperament can be made to close, in practice, using a manageable number of notes per octave. The 1/3-comma and 1/4-comma meantones close very nearly in 19 and 31 tones per octave, respectively, with better approximations to the [[Limit (music)|5-limit]] thirds and sixths of the diatonic scale than can be found on modern 12-tone instruments. | ||
[[Guillaume Costeley]]'s "Chromatic Chanson", | [[Guillaume Costeley]]'s "Chromatic Chanson", [[Seigneur Dieu ta pitié]] of 1558 used 1/3 comma meantone and explored the full compass of 19 pitches in the octave, making use of audibly microtonal intervals like the 63-cent interval of 1/19 of an octave (Lindley 2001a). | ||
The Italian [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] composer and theorist [[Nicola Vicentino]] (1511–1576) experimented with microintervals and built a keyboard with 36 keys to the octave, known as the [[archicembalo]]. However Vicentino's experiments were primarily motivated by his research (as he saw it) on the ancient Greek [[genus (music)|genera]], and by his desire to have beatless intervals (when played with near-harmonic-series timbres) available within chromatic compositions. | The Italian [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] composer and theorist [[Nicola Vicentino]] (1511–1576) experimented with microintervals and built a keyboard with 36 keys to the octave, known as the [[archicembalo]]. However Vicentino's experiments were primarily motivated by his research (as he saw it) on the ancient Greek [[genus (music)|genera]], and by his desire to have beatless intervals (when played with near-harmonic-series timbres) available within chromatic compositions. | ||
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Many tunings of meantone temperament can be made to close, in practice, using a manageable number of notes per octave. The 1/3-comma and 1/4-comma meantones close very nearly in 19 and 31 tones per octave, respectively, with better approximations to the <a class="wiki_link" href="/Limit%20%28music%29">5-limit</a> thirds and sixths of the diatonic scale than can be found on modern 12-tone instruments.<br /> | Many tunings of meantone temperament can be made to close, in practice, using a manageable number of notes per octave. The 1/3-comma and 1/4-comma meantones close very nearly in 19 and 31 tones per octave, respectively, with better approximations to the <a class="wiki_link" href="/Limit%20%28music%29">5-limit</a> thirds and sixths of the diatonic scale than can be found on modern 12-tone instruments.<br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<a class="wiki_link" href="/Guillaume%20Costeley">Guillaume Costeley</a>'s &quot;Chromatic Chanson&quot;, & | <a class="wiki_link" href="/Guillaume%20Costeley">Guillaume Costeley</a>'s &quot;Chromatic Chanson&quot;, <a class="wiki_link" href="/Seigneur%20Dieu%20ta%20piti%C3%A9">Seigneur Dieu ta pitié</a> of 1558 used 1/3 comma meantone and explored the full compass of 19 pitches in the octave, making use of audibly microtonal intervals like the 63-cent interval of 1/19 of an octave (Lindley 2001a).<br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
The Italian <a class="wiki_link" href="/Renaissance%20music">Renaissance</a> composer and theorist <a class="wiki_link" href="/Nicola%20Vicentino">Nicola Vicentino</a> (1511–1576) experimented with microintervals and built a keyboard with 36 keys to the octave, known as the <a class="wiki_link" href="/archicembalo">archicembalo</a>. However Vicentino's experiments were primarily motivated by his research (as he saw it) on the ancient Greek <a class="wiki_link" href="/genus%20%28music%29">genera</a>, and by his desire to have beatless intervals (when played with near-harmonic-series timbres) available within chromatic compositions.<br /> | The Italian <a class="wiki_link" href="/Renaissance%20music">Renaissance</a> composer and theorist <a class="wiki_link" href="/Nicola%20Vicentino">Nicola Vicentino</a> (1511–1576) experimented with microintervals and built a keyboard with 36 keys to the octave, known as the <a class="wiki_link" href="/archicembalo">archicembalo</a>. However Vicentino's experiments were primarily motivated by his research (as he saw it) on the ancient Greek <a class="wiki_link" href="/genus%20%28music%29">genera</a>, and by his desire to have beatless intervals (when played with near-harmonic-series timbres) available within chromatic compositions.<br /> | ||
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Pioneers of modern Western microtonal music include:<br /> | Pioneers of modern Western microtonal music include:<br /> | ||
<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Henry%20Ward%20Poole">Henry Ward Poole</a> (keyboard designs, 1825–1890)</li></ul><br /> | <ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Henry%20Ward%20Poole">Henry Ward Poole</a> (keyboard designs, 1825–1890)</li></ul><br /> | ||
<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Eug%C3%A8ne%20Ysa%C3%BFe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a> (Belgium, U.S.A., 1858–1931, used quarter tones in several of the <a class="wiki_link" href="/6%20Sonatas%20for%20Solo%20Violin%2C%20Op.%2027%20%28Ysa%C3%BFe%29">Sonatas for Solo Violin, Op. 27</a>)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Charles%20Ives">Charles Ives</a> (U.S.A., 1874–1954, quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Juli%C3%A1n%20Carrillo">Julián Carrillo</a> (Mexico, 1875–1965) many different equal temperaments, look [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule: | <ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Eug%C3%A8ne%20Ysa%C3%BFe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a> (Belgium, U.S.A., 1858–1931, used quarter tones in several of the <a class="wiki_link" href="/6%20Sonatas%20for%20Solo%20Violin%2C%20Op.%2027%20%28Ysa%C3%BFe%29">Sonatas for Solo Violin, Op. 27</a>)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Charles%20Ives">Charles Ives</a> (U.S.A., 1874–1954, quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Juli%C3%A1n%20Carrillo">Julián Carrillo</a> (Mexico, 1875–1965) many different equal temperaments, look [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:684:http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html" rel="nofollow">http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:684 --> here] or [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:685:http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/julian.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/julian.html" rel="nofollow">http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/julian.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:685 --> here] (mostly Spanish but some English too)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/B%C3%A9la%20Bart%C3%B3k">Béla Bartók</a> (Hungary, 1881–1945, rare uses of quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/George%20Enescu">George Enescu</a> (Romania, France, 1881–1955) (in ''<a class="wiki_link" href="/%C5%92dipe%20%28opera%29">Œdipe</a>'' to suggest the <a class="wiki_link" href="/enharmonic%20genus">enharmonic genus</a> of <a class="wiki_link" href="/ancient%20Greek%20music">ancient Greek music</a>, and in the Third Violin Sonata, as inflections characteristic of Romanian folk music)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Karol%20Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a> (Poland, 1882–1937, used quartertones on the violin in ''Myths'' Op. 30, 1915)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Percy%20Grainger">Percy Grainger</a> (Australia, 1882–1961, particularly works for his &quot;free music machine&quot;)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Edgard%20Var%C3%A8se">Edgard Varèse</a> (France, U.S.A., 1883–1965, quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Luigi%20Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a> (Italy, 1885–1947, used quartertones and eighth tones on the ''Intonarumori'', noise instruments)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Mildred%20Couper">Mildred Couper</a> (U.S.A., 1887–1974, quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alois%20H%C3%A1ba">Alois Hába</a> (Czechoslovakia, 1893–1973, quartertones and other equal temperaments)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Ivan%20Wyschnegradsky">Ivan Wyschnegradsky</a> (U.S.S.R. (Russia), France, 1893–1979, quartertones, twelfth tones and other equal temperaments)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Harry%20Partch">Harry Partch</a> (U.S.A., 1901–1974, just intonation)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Eivind%20Groven">Eivind Groven</a> (Norway, 1901–1977, 53ET)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Henk%20Badings">Henk Badings</a> (The Netherlands, 1907–1987, 31ET)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Maurice%20Ohana">Maurice Ohana</a> (France, 1913–1992, third tones (18-equal) temperament and quarter tones (24ET) most particularly)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Giacinto%20Scelsi">Giacinto Scelsi</a> (Italy, 1905–1988, intuitive linear tone deviations, quartertones, eighth tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Lou%20Harrison">Lou Harrison</a> (U.S.A., 1917–2003, just intonation)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Ivor%20Darreg">Ivor Darreg</a> (U.S.A., 1917–1994)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Jean-Etienne%20Marie">Jean-Etienne Marie</a> (France, 1919–1989, many different equal temperaments: 18ET, 24ET, 30ET, 36ET, 48ET, 96ET most particularly and polymicrotonality)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Franz%20Richter%20Herf">Franz Richter Herf</a> (Austria, 1920–1989, 72-equal temperament, &quot;ekmelic&quot; music)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Iannis%20Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> (Greece, France, 1922–2001, quarter and third tones most particularly, occasionally eighth tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Gy%C3%B6rgy%20Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (Hungary, 1923–2006, ''Ramifications'' in quartertone tuning, natural harmonics in his Horn Trio, later just intonation in his solo concertos)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Luigi%20Nono">Luigi Nono</a> (Italy, 1924–1990, quartetones, eighth tones and 16th tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Claude%20Ballif">Claude Ballif</a> (France, 1924–2004, quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Tui%20St.%20George%20Tucker">Tui St. George Tucker</a> (1924–2004)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pierre%20Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (France, b. 1925) (first attempt of <a class="wiki_link" href="/serial%20music">serial music</a> with quartertones in his pieces ''Visage Nuptial'' and &quot;Polyphonie X&quot;, but soon after abandoning microtonal elements)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Karlheinz%20Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (Germany, 1928–2007, in his electronic works many microtonal concepts, non-octaving scales in ''Studie II'', just intonation in ''<a class="wiki_link" href="/Gruppen%20%28Stockhausen%29">Gruppen</a>'' and ''<a class="wiki_link" href="/Stimmung">Stimmung</a>'', microtonal instrumental and vocal writing throughout ''<a class="wiki_link" href="/Licht">Licht</a>'')</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Ben%20Johnston%20%28composer%29">Ben Johnston</a> (U.S.A., b. 1926, extended just intonation)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Ezra%20Sims">Ezra Sims</a> (U.S.A., b. 1928, 72-tone equal temperament)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Erv Wilson</a> (b. 1928)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alvin%20Lucier">Alvin Lucier</a> (U.S.A., b. 1931)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Joel%20Mandelbaum">Joel Mandelbaum</a> (U.S.A., b. 1932)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Krzysztof%20Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (Poland, b. 1933, quartertones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Easley%20Blackwood%20%28musician%29">Easley Blackwood</a> (b. 1933)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alain%20Bancquart">Alain Bancquart</a>(France, b.1934) (quarter tones and 16th tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/James%20Tenney">James Tenney</a> (U.S.A., 1934–2006, just intonation, 72-tone equal temperament)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Terry%20Riley">Terry Riley</a> (U.S.A., b. 1935, just intonation)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/La%20Monte%20Young">La Monte Young</a> (U.S.A., b. 1935, just intonation)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Douglas%20Leedy">Douglas Leedy</a> (b. 1938, just intonation, meantone)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Wendy%20Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a> (U.S.A., b. 1939, non-octaving scales)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Bruce%20Mather">Bruce Mather</a> (Canada, b.1939, different equal temperaments, following Wyschnegradsky)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Brian%20Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a> (Great Britain, b. 1943, quartertones, 31ET in ''Unity Capsule'' for solo flute,1976)</li></ul><br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:14:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc7"><a name="Recent microtonal composers"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:14 -->Recent microtonal composers</h1> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:14:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc7"><a name="Recent microtonal composers"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:14 -->Recent microtonal composers</h1> | ||
<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Clarence%20Barlow">Clarence Barlow</a> (b. 1945)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/G%C3%A9rard%20Grisey">Gérard Grisey</a> (1946–1998) (spectral approach to microintervals, quartertones, eighth tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Max%20M%C3%A9reaux">Max Méreaux</a> (b. 1946)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Tristan%20Murail">Tristan Murail</a> (b. 1947) (spectral approach to microintervals, quartertones, eighth tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Claude%20Vivier">Claude Vivier</a> (1948–1983)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Glenn%20Branca">Glenn Branca</a> (b. 1948)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Dean%20Drummond">Dean Drummond</a> (b. 1949) (Harry Partch's instruments currently in his possession)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Lasse%20Thoresen">Lasse Thoresen</a> (b. 1949)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Warren%20Burt">Warren Burt</a> (b. 1949)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Manfred%20Stahnke">Manfred Stahnke</a> (b. 1951)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Kraig%20Grady">Kraig Grady</a> (b. 1952) (invented acoustic instruments in just intonation &amp; recurrent sequences)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/David%20First">David First</a> (b. 1953)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georg%20Friedrich%20Haas">Georg Friedrich Haas</a> (b. 1953)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/James%20Wood%20%28composer%29">James Wood</a> (b. 1953)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Paul%20Dirmeikis">Paul Dirmeikis</a> (b.1954)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pascale%20Criton">Pascale Criton</a> (b. 1954) (different equal temperaments, most particularly very dense ETs such as the 96ET)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Stephen%20James%20Taylor">Stephen James Taylor</a> (b. 1954)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Kyle%20Gann">Kyle Gann</a> (b. 1955)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pascal%20Dusapin">Pascal Dusapin</a> (b. 1955) (different equal temperaments, notably the 48ET)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Johnny%20Reinhard">Johnny Reinhard</a> (b. 1956) (different equal temperaments, just intonation, polymicrotonally)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Eric%20Mandat">Eric Mandat</a> (b. 1957)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Erling%20Wold">Erling Wold</a> (b. 1958)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Michael%20Bach%20%28cellist%2C%20composer%2C%20visual%20artist%29"> Michael Bach Bachtischa</a> (b. 1958)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Martin%20Smolka">Martin Smolka</a> (b. 1959)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georg%20Hajdu">Georg Hajdu</a> (b. 1960)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/William%20Susman">William Susman</a> (b. 1960)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Daniel%20James%20Wolf">Daniel James Wolf</a> (b. 1961)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Paris">François Paris</a> (b.1961)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Rod%20Poole">Rod Poole</a> (b.1962 - d.2007)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Harold%20Fortuin">Harold Fortuin</a> (b. 1964)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Marc%20Sabat">Marc Sabat</a> (b. 1965)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georges%20Lentz">Georges Lentz</a> (b. 1965)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Geoff%20Smith%20%28British%20musician%29">Geoff Smith</a> (b. 1966)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Yitzhak%20Yedid">Yitzhak Yedid</a> (b.1971)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Aphex%20Twin">Richard D. James</a> (b. 1971)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Adam%20Silverman">Adam Silverman</a> (b. 1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Yuri%20Landman">Yuri Landman</a> (b. 1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Kristoffer%20Zegers">Kristoffer Zegers</a> (b. 1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Gregg%20Rossetti">Gregg Rossetti</a> (b. 1982)</li></ul><br /> | <ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Clarence%20Barlow">Clarence Barlow</a> (b. 1945)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/G%C3%A9rard%20Grisey">Gérard Grisey</a> (1946–1998) (spectral approach to microintervals, quartertones, eighth tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Max%20M%C3%A9reaux">Max Méreaux</a> (b. 1946)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Tristan%20Murail">Tristan Murail</a> (b. 1947) (spectral approach to microintervals, quartertones, eighth tones)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Claude%20Vivier">Claude Vivier</a> (1948–1983)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Glenn%20Branca">Glenn Branca</a> (b. 1948)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Dean%20Drummond">Dean Drummond</a> (b. 1949) (Harry Partch's instruments currently in his possession)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Lasse%20Thoresen">Lasse Thoresen</a> (b. 1949)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Warren%20Burt">Warren Burt</a> (b. 1949)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Manfred%20Stahnke">Manfred Stahnke</a> (b. 1951)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Kraig%20Grady">Kraig Grady</a> (b. 1952) (invented acoustic instruments in just intonation &amp; recurrent sequences)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/David%20First">David First</a> (b. 1953)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georg%20Friedrich%20Haas">Georg Friedrich Haas</a> (b. 1953)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/James%20Wood%20%28composer%29">James Wood</a> (b. 1953)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Paul%20Dirmeikis">Paul Dirmeikis</a> (b.1954)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pascale%20Criton">Pascale Criton</a> (b. 1954) (different equal temperaments, most particularly very dense ETs such as the 96ET)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Stephen%20James%20Taylor">Stephen James Taylor</a> (b. 1954)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Kyle%20Gann">Kyle Gann</a> (b. 1955)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pascal%20Dusapin">Pascal Dusapin</a> (b. 1955) (different equal temperaments, notably the 48ET)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Johnny%20Reinhard">Johnny Reinhard</a> (b. 1956) (different equal temperaments, just intonation, polymicrotonally)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Eric%20Mandat">Eric Mandat</a> (b. 1957)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Erling%20Wold">Erling Wold</a> (b. 1958)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Michael%20Bach%20%28cellist%2C%20composer%2C%20visual%20artist%29"> Michael Bach Bachtischa</a> (b. 1958)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Martin%20Smolka">Martin Smolka</a> (b. 1959)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georg%20Hajdu">Georg Hajdu</a> (b. 1960)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/William%20Susman">William Susman</a> (b. 1960)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Daniel%20James%20Wolf">Daniel James Wolf</a> (b. 1961)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Paris">François Paris</a> (b.1961)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Rod%20Poole">Rod Poole</a> (b.1962 - d.2007)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Harold%20Fortuin">Harold Fortuin</a> (b. 1964)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Marc%20Sabat">Marc Sabat</a> (b. 1965)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georges%20Lentz">Georges Lentz</a> (b. 1965)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Geoff%20Smith%20%28British%20musician%29">Geoff Smith</a> (b. 1966)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Yitzhak%20Yedid">Yitzhak Yedid</a> (b.1971)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Aphex%20Twin">Richard D. James</a> (b. 1971)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Adam%20Silverman">Adam Silverman</a> (b. 1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Yuri%20Landman">Yuri Landman</a> (b. 1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Kristoffer%20Zegers">Kristoffer Zegers</a> (b. 1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Gregg%20Rossetti">Gregg Rossetti</a> (b. 1982)</li></ul><br /> | ||
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<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Christiaan%20Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> (1629–1695)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Juli%C3%A1n%20Carrillo">Julián Carrillo</a> (1875–1965)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Adriaan%20Dani%C3%ABl%20Fokker">Adriaan Daniël Fokker</a> (1887–1972)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Ivan%20Wyschnegradsky">Ivan Wyschnegradsky</a> (1893–1979)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alois%20H%C3%A1ba">Alois Hába</a> (1893–1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Harry%20Partch">Harry Partch</a> (1901–1974)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alain%20Dani%C3%A9lou">Alain Daniélou</a> (1907–1994)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Jean-Etienne%20Marie">Jean-Etienne Marie</a> (1917–1989)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Erv Wilson</a> (b. 1928)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Joel%20Mandelbaum">Joel Mandelbaum</a> (b. 1932)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/James%20Tenney">James Tenney</a> (1934–2006)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Clarence%20Barlow">Clarence Barlow</a> (b. 1945)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Valeri%20Brainin">Valeri Brainin</a> (b. 1948)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Jacques%20Dudon">Jacques Dudon</a> (b. 1951)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/William%20Sethares">William Sethares</a> (b. 1955)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georg%20Hajdu">Georg Hajdu</a> (b. 1960)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Bob%20Gilmore">Bob Gilmore</a> (b. 1961)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Marc%20Sabat">Marc Sabat</a> (b. 1965)</li></ul><br /> | <ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Christiaan%20Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> (1629–1695)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Juli%C3%A1n%20Carrillo">Julián Carrillo</a> (1875–1965)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Adriaan%20Dani%C3%ABl%20Fokker">Adriaan Daniël Fokker</a> (1887–1972)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Ivan%20Wyschnegradsky">Ivan Wyschnegradsky</a> (1893–1979)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alois%20H%C3%A1ba">Alois Hába</a> (1893–1973)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Harry%20Partch">Harry Partch</a> (1901–1974)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Alain%20Dani%C3%A9lou">Alain Daniélou</a> (1907–1994)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Jean-Etienne%20Marie">Jean-Etienne Marie</a> (1917–1989)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Erv Wilson</a> (b. 1928)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Joel%20Mandelbaum">Joel Mandelbaum</a> (b. 1932)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/James%20Tenney">James Tenney</a> (1934–2006)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Clarence%20Barlow">Clarence Barlow</a> (b. 1945)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Valeri%20Brainin">Valeri Brainin</a> (b. 1948)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Jacques%20Dudon">Jacques Dudon</a> (b. 1951)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/William%20Sethares">William Sethares</a> (b. 1955)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Georg%20Hajdu">Georg Hajdu</a> (b. 1960)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Bob%20Gilmore">Bob Gilmore</a> (b. 1961)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Marc%20Sabat">Marc Sabat</a> (b. 1965)</li></ul><br /> | ||
<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:18:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc9"><a name="References"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:18 -->References</h1> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:18:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc9"><a name="References"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:18 -->References</h1> | ||
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*Barbieri, Patrizio. 1989. &quot;An Unknown 15th-Century French Manuscript on Organ Building and Tuning&quot;. ''The Organ Yearbook: A Journal for the Players &amp; Historians of Keyboard Instruments'' 20.<br /> | *Barbieri, Patrizio. 1989. &quot;An Unknown 15th-Century French Manuscript on Organ Building and Tuning&quot;. ''The Organ Yearbook: A Journal for the Players &amp; Historians of Keyboard Instruments'' 20.<br /> | ||
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*Burns, Edward M. 1999. &quot;Intervals, Scales, and Tuning.&quot; In ''The Psychology of Music'', second edition, ed. Diana Deutsch. 215–64. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-213564-4.<br /> | *Burns, Edward M. 1999. &quot;Intervals, Scales, and Tuning.&quot; In ''The Psychology of Music'', second edition, ed. Diana Deutsch. 215–64. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-213564-4.<br /> | ||
*<a class="wiki_link" href="/Wendy%20Carlos">Carlos, Wendy</a>. 1989–96. &quot;[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule: | *<a class="wiki_link" href="/Wendy%20Carlos">Carlos, Wendy</a>. 1989–96. &quot;[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:688:http://www.wendycarlos.com/resources/pitch.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.wendycarlos.com/resources/pitch.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.wendycarlos.com/resources/pitch.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:688 --> Three Asymmetric Divisions of the Octave]&quot;. ''[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:689:http://www.wendycarlos.com --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.wendycarlos.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.wendycarlos.com</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:689 --> wendycarlos.com]'' (Accessed March 28, 2009).<br /> | ||
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<!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:20:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc10"><a name="External links"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:20 -->External links</h1> | <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:20:&lt;h1&gt; --><h1 id="toc10"><a name="External links"></a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextHeadingRule:20 -->External links</h1> | ||
<ul><li>Aikin, Jim. 2003. [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule: | <ul><li>Aikin, Jim. 2003. [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:698:http://emusician.com/tutorials/emusic_playing_cracks/ --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://emusician.com/tutorials/emusic_playing_cracks/" rel="nofollow">http://emusician.com/tutorials/emusic_playing_cracks/</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:698 --> Jim Aikin's article on alternative tuning in electronic music]</li><li>Anon. [n.d.]. &quot;[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:699:http://www.hoasm.org/IVO/Vicentino.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://www.hoasm.org/IVO/Vicentino.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.hoasm.org/IVO/Vicentino.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:699 --> Nicola Vicentino (1511–1576)]&quot;. IVO: Sacred Music in the Italian Cinquecento outside Venice and Rome, edited by Chris Whent. Here Of A Sunday Morning website. (Accessed 19 August 2008)</li><li>Chalmers, John. [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:700:http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/published_articles/divisions_of_the_tetrachord/index.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/published_articles/divisions_of_the_tetrachord/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/published_articles/divisions_of_the_tetrachord/index.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:700 --> Dr. John Chalmers Divisions of the Tetrachord]</li><li>Loli, Charles. 2008. &quot; [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:701:http://microtonalismo.com --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://microtonalismo.com" rel="nofollow">http://microtonalismo.com</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:701 --> Microtonalismo]&quot;. (Article on alternative tuning in Peruvian music)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Open%20Directory%20Project">Open Directory Project</a> [n.d.] [<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:702:http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=microtonal+music --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=microtonal+music" rel="nofollow">http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=microtonal+music</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:702 --> Microtonal Music]</li><li>Solís Winkler, Ernesto. 2004. &quot;[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:703:http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html" rel="nofollow">http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:703 --> Julian Carrillo and the 13th Sound: A Microtonal Musical System]&quot;. (Accessed 19 August 2008)</li></ul>*<a class="wiki_link" href="/Erv%20Wilson">Wilson, Erv</a>. &quot;[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:704:http://anaphoria.com/wilson.html --><a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://anaphoria.com/wilson.html" rel="nofollow">http://anaphoria.com/wilson.html</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:704 --> Wilson Archives of papers on microtonal theory]&quot;<br /> | ||
<ul><li>[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule: | <ul><li>[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:705:http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/MicrotonalListeningList --><a href="http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/MicrotonalListeningList">http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/MicrotonalListeningList</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:705 --> Links to microtonal composers] at <a class="wiki_link" href="/Xenharmonic">Xenharmonic</a> Wiki</li><li>[<!-- ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:706:http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/Projects --><a href="http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/Projects">http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/Projects</a><!-- ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:706 --> Links to microtonal projects around the world] at <a class="wiki_link" href="/Xenharmonic">Xenharmonic</a> Wiki</li></ul></body></html></pre></div> | ||