African music: Difference between revisions

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Many cultures use an [[equipentatonic]] tuning:

*The [[Lobi]], [[Dagarti]] and [[Senufo]] people of ~~[[Burkinese|~~Burkina Faso]], northern ~~[[Ghanaian|~~Ghana]] and southern ~~[[Malian|~~Mali]]. Instruments: gyil (a type of marimba), hand drums and ideophones (bells and scrapers). Vocals tend to be in unison or octaves. Well-known musicians/groups are Neba Solo, Kakraba Lobi, and Farafina.

*The [[Lobi music|Lobi]], [[Dagarti music|Dagarti]] and [[Senufo music|Senufo]] people of Burkina Faso, northern Ghana and southern Mali. Instruments: gyil (a type of marimba), hand drums and ideophones (bells and scrapers). Vocals tend to be in unison or octaves. Well-known musicians/groups are Neba Solo, Kakraba Lobi, and Farafina.

*[[Ugandan|Uganda]] also has equipentatonic music. Their marimba is called the amadinda. They also play harps.

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Many cultures use an [[equiheptatonic]] tuning:

*The [[Mande]] peoples of West Africa (~~[[Guinean|~~Guinea]], ~~[[Senegalese|~~Senegal]], ~~[[Gambian|~~Gambia]] and ~~Mali, also~~ neighboring countries) play [[balafon]], [[kora]], djembe, dundun and other instruments. Vocals traditionally tend to be in unison or octaves. The balafon is traditionally tuned near [[7edo]]. The kora is <em>not</em> tuned near 7edo, even though the balafon and the kora share the same repertoire and even play together sometimes. The kora is traditionally tuned to one of several [[kora tunings]], which are mostly in [[5-limit]] [[JI]]. In modern times, the balafon and kora are often tuned to [[12edo]], to be in tune with western instruments. Well-known pop musicians are Baba Maal, Salif Keita, and Oumou Sangare. Well-known kora players are Jali Musa Jawara and Toumani Diabate.

*The [[Mande music|Mande]] peoples of West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, Mali and neighboring countries) play [[balafon]], [[kora]], djembe, dundun and other instruments. Vocals traditionally tend to be in unison or octaves. The balafon is traditionally tuned near [[7edo]]. The kora is <em>not</em> tuned near 7edo, even though the balafon and the kora share the same repertoire and even play together sometimes. The kora is traditionally tuned to one of several [[kora tunings]], which are mostly in [[5-limit]] [[JI]]. In modern times, the balafon and kora are often tuned to [[12edo]], to be in tune with western instruments. Well-known pop musicians are Baba Maal, Salif Keita, and Oumou Sangare. Well-known kora players are Jali Musa Jawara and Toumani Diabate.

*The [[Shona]] people of ~~[[Zimbabwean|~~Zimbabwe]] and neighboring countries play the re-tuneable [[mbira]]. Vocals tend to harmonize only in 4ths, 5ths and octaves. The mbira seems to have been traditionally tuned near 7edo. In modern times, it's often tuned to 12edo. Paul Berliner's book "The Soul of the Mbira" is a good resource for tuning information. Well-known Shona musicians that use the mbira include Thomas Mapfumo and Stella Chiweshe.

*The [[Shona music|Shona]] people of Zimbabwe and neighboring countries play the re-tuneable [[mbira]]. Vocals tend to harmonize only in 4ths, 5ths and octaves. The mbira seems to have been traditionally tuned near 7edo. In modern times, it's often tuned to 12edo. Paul Berliner's book "The Soul of the Mbira" is a good resource for tuning information. Well-known Shona musicians that use the mbira include Thomas Mapfumo and Stella Chiweshe.

* The [[Chopi]] people of ~~[[Mozambican|~~Mozambique]] play large marimba ensembles spanning 4 octaves. Their marimba, called the timbila, is tuned roughly equiheptatonic. The timbila tuning of the Mavila village creates an approximate [[TAMNAMS|soft-of-basic]] [[2L5s]] scale. The [[Mavila]] temperament gets its name from this village.

* The [[Chopi music|Chopi]] people of Mozambique play large marimba ensembles spanning 4 octaves. Their marimba, called the timbila, is tuned roughly equiheptatonic. The timbila tuning of the Mavila village creates an approximate [[TAMNAMS|soft-of-basic]] [[2L5s]] scale. The [[Mavila]] temperament gets its name from this village.

== Other tunings ==

* The [[Wagogo]] people of central ~~[[Tanzanian|~~Tanzania]] use a [[pentatonic]] scale 1/1 - 9/8 - 5/4 - 3/2 - 7/4 ([[Overtone scale|harmonics 5 through 10]], similar to [[5afdo]]) in all their songs and all their instruments. Instruments include: [[kalimba]], harp, fiddle, [[marimba]], hand drum. Vocals tend to have parallel harmonies, singing at a distance of a [[penta-third]]. Hukwe Zawose is a well-known Wagogo musician.

* The [[Wagogo music|Wagogo]] people of central Tanzania use a [[pentatonic]] scale 1/1 - 9/8 - 5/4 - 3/2 - 7/4 ([[Overtone scale|harmonics 5 through 10]], similar to [[5afdo]]) in all their songs and all their instruments. Instruments include: [[kalimba]], harp, fiddle, [[marimba]], hand drum. Vocals tend to have parallel harmonies, singing at a distance of a [[penta-third]]. Hukwe Zawose is a well-known Wagogo musician.

* In eastern ~~[[Ugandan|~~Uganda]], the [[Gwere]] use for their six-string [[harp]] (called tongoli) a [[tetrad|tetratonic]] scale in which all the intervals are [[Quasi-equal|nearly equal]], which to Western ears sounds like a chain of [[6/5|minor thirds]]. Though not the same thing, this is quite close to both [[4edo]] and [[kleismic]][4].

* In eastern Uganda, the [[Gwere music|Gwere]] use for their six-string [[harp]] (called tongoli) a [[tetrad|tetratonic]] scale in which all the intervals are [[Quasi-equal|nearly equal]], which to Western ears sounds like a chain of [[6/5|minor thirds]]. Though not the same thing, this is quite close to both [[4edo]] and [[kleismic]][4].

* Some [[Thembu Xhosa]] women of ~~[[South African|~~South Africa]] have a low, rhythmic style of [[timbre|timbrally]] complex throat-singing, incorporating [[overtone singing]] within its technique, that is called ''umngqokolo''. It is often accompanied by call-and-response vocals and complicated polyrhythms.

* Some [[Xhosa music|Thembu Xhosa]] women of South Africa have a low, rhythmic style of [[timbre|timbrally]] complex throat-singing, incorporating [[overtone singing]] within its technique, that is called ''umngqokolo''. It is often accompanied by call-and-response vocals and complicated polyrhythms.

* In South Africa, the [[San]] use a tetratonic scale which could be approximated by [[1L 3s]] (a [[MOS scale]]).<ref>Wikipedia contributors. (2022, November 21). Tetratonic scale. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:40, August 13, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetratonic_scale&oldid=1123114247</ref>

* In South Africa, the [[San music|San]] use a tetratonic scale which could be approximated by [[1L 3s]] (a [[MOS scale]]).<ref>Wikipedia contributors. (2022, November 21). Tetratonic scale. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:40, August 13, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetratonic_scale&oldid=1123114247</ref>

* [[Malagasy|Madagascar]] was colonized by Indonesians long ago, and the music is a mixture of African and [[Indonesian]]. Tarika Sammy is a well-known group.

* [[Malagasy music|Madagascar]] was colonized by Indonesians long ago, and the music is a mixture of African and [[Indonesian]]. Tarika Sammy is a well-known group.

* An essential family of musical cultures of Africa is the [[Arabic,_Turkish,_Persian|Arabic]] one, for which there is a separate page.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 Many cultures use an [[equipentatonic]] tuning:
-*The [[Lobi]], [[Dagarti]] and [[Senufo]] people of [[Burkinese|Burkina Faso]], northern [[Ghanaian|Ghana]] and southern [[Malian|Mali]]. Instruments: gyil (a type of marimba), hand drums and ideophones (bells and scrapers). Vocals tend to be in unison or octaves. Well-known musicians/groups are Neba Solo, Kakraba Lobi, and Farafina.
+*The [[Lobi music|Lobi]], [[Dagarti music|Dagarti]] and [[Senufo music|Senufo]] people of Burkina Faso, northern Ghana and southern Mali. Instruments: gyil (a type of marimba), hand drums and ideophones (bells and scrapers). Vocals tend to be in unison or octaves. Well-known musicians/groups are Neba Solo, Kakraba Lobi, and Farafina.
 *[[Ugandan|Uganda]] also has equipentatonic music. Their marimba is called the amadinda. They also play harps.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Many cultures use an [[equiheptatonic]] tuning:
-*The [[Mande]] peoples of West Africa ([[Guinean|Guinea]], [[Senegalese|Senegal]], [[Gambian|Gambia]] and Mali, also neighboring countries) play [[balafon]], [[kora]], djembe, dundun and other instruments. Vocals traditionally tend to be in unison or octaves. The balafon is traditionally tuned near [[7edo]]. The kora is <em>not</em> tuned near 7edo, even though the balafon and the kora share the same repertoire and even play together sometimes. The kora is traditionally tuned to one of several [[kora tunings]], which are mostly in [[5-limit]] [[JI]]. In modern times, the balafon and kora are often tuned to [[12edo]], to be in tune with western instruments. Well-known pop musicians are Baba Maal, Salif Keita, and Oumou Sangare. Well-known kora players are Jali Musa Jawara and Toumani Diabate.
+*The [[Mande music|Mande]] peoples of West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, Mali and neighboring countries) play [[balafon]], [[kora]], djembe, dundun and other instruments. Vocals traditionally tend to be in unison or octaves. The balafon is traditionally tuned near [[7edo]]. The kora is <em>not</em> tuned near 7edo, even though the balafon and the kora share the same repertoire and even play together sometimes. The kora is traditionally tuned to one of several [[kora tunings]], which are mostly in [[5-limit]] [[JI]]. In modern times, the balafon and kora are often tuned to [[12edo]], to be in tune with western instruments. Well-known pop musicians are Baba Maal, Salif Keita, and Oumou Sangare. Well-known kora players are Jali Musa Jawara and Toumani Diabate.
-*The [[Shona]] people of [[Zimbabwean|Zimbabwe]] and neighboring countries play the re-tuneable [[mbira]]. Vocals tend to harmonize only in 4ths, 5ths and octaves. The mbira seems to have been traditionally tuned near 7edo. In modern times, it's often tuned to 12edo. Paul Berliner's book "The Soul of the Mbira" is a good resource for tuning information. Well-known Shona musicians that use the mbira include Thomas Mapfumo and Stella Chiweshe.
+*The [[Shona music|Shona]] people of Zimbabwe and neighboring countries play the re-tuneable [[mbira]]. Vocals tend to harmonize only in 4ths, 5ths and octaves. The mbira seems to have been traditionally tuned near 7edo. In modern times, it's often tuned to 12edo. Paul Berliner's book "The Soul of the Mbira" is a good resource for tuning information. Well-known Shona musicians that use the mbira include Thomas Mapfumo and Stella Chiweshe.
-* The [[Chopi]] people of [[Mozambican|Mozambique]] play large marimba ensembles spanning 4 octaves. Their marimba, called the timbila, is tuned roughly equiheptatonic. The timbila tuning of the Mavila village creates an approximate [[TAMNAMS|soft-of-basic]] [[2L5s]] scale. The [[Mavila]] temperament gets its name from this village.
+* The [[Chopi music|Chopi]] people of Mozambique play large marimba ensembles spanning 4 octaves. Their marimba, called the timbila, is tuned roughly equiheptatonic. The timbila tuning of the Mavila village creates an approximate [[TAMNAMS|soft-of-basic]] [[2L5s]] scale. The [[Mavila]] temperament gets its name from this village.
 == Other tunings ==
-* The [[Wagogo]] people of central [[Tanzanian|Tanzania]] use a [[pentatonic]] scale 1/1 - 9/8 - 5/4 - 3/2 - 7/4 ([[Overtone scale|harmonics 5 through 10]], similar to [[5afdo]]) in all their songs and all their instruments. Instruments include: [[kalimba]], harp, fiddle, [[marimba]], hand drum. Vocals tend to have parallel harmonies, singing at a distance of a [[penta-third]]. Hukwe Zawose is a well-known Wagogo musician.
+* The [[Wagogo music|Wagogo]] people of central Tanzania use a [[pentatonic]] scale 1/1 - 9/8 - 5/4 - 3/2 - 7/4 ([[Overtone scale|harmonics 5 through 10]], similar to [[5afdo]]) in all their songs and all their instruments. Instruments include: [[kalimba]], harp, fiddle, [[marimba]], hand drum. Vocals tend to have parallel harmonies, singing at a distance of a [[penta-third]]. Hukwe Zawose is a well-known Wagogo musician.
-* In eastern [[Ugandan|Uganda]], the [[Gwere]] use for their six-string [[harp]] (called tongoli) a [[tetrad|tetratonic]] scale in which all the intervals are [[Quasi-equal|nearly equal]], which to Western ears sounds like a chain of [[6/5|minor thirds]]. Though not the same thing, this is quite close to both [[4edo]] and [[kleismic]][4].
+* In eastern Uganda, the [[Gwere music|Gwere]] use for their six-string [[harp]] (called tongoli) a [[tetrad|tetratonic]] scale in which all the intervals are [[Quasi-equal|nearly equal]], which to Western ears sounds like a chain of [[6/5|minor thirds]]. Though not the same thing, this is quite close to both [[4edo]] and [[kleismic]][4].
-* Some [[Thembu Xhosa]] women of [[South African|South Africa]] have a low, rhythmic style of [[timbre|timbrally]] complex throat-singing, incorporating [[overtone singing]] within its technique, that is called ''umngqokolo''. It is often accompanied by call-and-response vocals and complicated polyrhythms.
+* Some [[Xhosa music|Thembu Xhosa]] women of South Africa have a low, rhythmic style of [[timbre|timbrally]] complex throat-singing, incorporating [[overtone singing]] within its technique, that is called ''umngqokolo''. It is often accompanied by call-and-response vocals and complicated polyrhythms.
-* In South Africa, the [[San]] use a tetratonic scale which could be approximated by [[1L 3s]] (a [[MOS scale]]).<ref>Wikipedia contributors. (2022, November 21). Tetratonic scale. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:40, August 13, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetratonic_scale&oldid=1123114247</ref>
+* In South Africa, the [[San music|San]] use a tetratonic scale which could be approximated by [[1L 3s]] (a [[MOS scale]]).<ref>Wikipedia contributors. (2022, November 21). Tetratonic scale. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:40, August 13, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetratonic_scale&oldid=1123114247</ref>
-* [[Malagasy|Madagascar]] was colonized by Indonesians long ago, and the music is a mixture of African and [[Indonesian]]. Tarika Sammy is a well-known group.
+* [[Malagasy music|Madagascar]] was colonized by Indonesians long ago, and the music is a mixture of African and [[Indonesian]]. Tarika Sammy is a well-known group.
 * An essential family of musical cultures of Africa is the [[Arabic,_Turkish,_Persian|Arabic]] one, for which there is a separate page.