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{{Wikipedia|Tonality diamond}}
{{Wikipedia|Tonality diamond}}
A '''tonality diamond''' is a symmetric organization of [[Otonality and utonality|otonal and utonal]] chords based around a central note and bounded by an [[Odd limit|odd-limit]]. First formalized in the [[7-odd-limit]] by [[wikipedia:Max_Friedrich_Meyer|Max F. Meyer]] in 1929,<ref name="meyer1929">Meyer, Max F. (1929) [https://archive.org/details/max-f-meyer-the-musicians-arithmetic/page/22/mode/2up ''The Musician’s Arithmetic: Drill Problems for an Introduction to the Scientific Study of Musical Composition'']. The University of Missouri Studies. Vol. 4, no. 1. University of Missouri. January 1, 1929. p. 22.</ref> the idea became central to the music and theories of [[Harry Partch]],<ref>Harry Partch (1949), ''Genesis of a Music'', University of Wisconsin Press</ref> who built his tonal system around the [[11-odd-limit]] tonality diamond.
Tonality diamonds have been used both conceptually (such as for [[Target tuning|targets]] of [[temperaments]]) and practically (such as for instrument layouts) in xenharmonics ever since.


[https://nickvuci.github.io/wiki-applets/TonalityDiamond/tonalityDiamond.html Play some tonality diamonds to hear how they sound.]
A '''tonality diamond''' is a symmetric organization of [[otonality and utonality|otonal and utonal]] [[chord]]s based around a central note and bounded by an [[odd limit]]. First formalized in the [[7-odd-limit]] by {{w|Max Friedrich Meyer|Max F. Meyer}} in 1929,<ref name="meyer1929">Meyer, Max F. (1929) [https://archive.org/details/max-f-meyer-the-musicians-arithmetic/page/22/mode/2up ''The Musician’s Arithmetic: Drill Problems for an Introduction to the Scientific Study of Musical Composition'']. The University of Missouri Studies. Vol. 4, no. 1. University of Missouri. January 1, 1929. p. 22.</ref> the idea became central to the music and theories of [[Harry Partch]],<ref>Harry Partch (1949), ''Genesis of a Music'', University of Wisconsin Press</ref> who built his tonal system around the [[11-odd-limit]] tonality diamond. Tonality diamonds have been used both conceptually (such as for [[target tuning|targets]] of [[temperaments]]) and practically (such as for instrument layouts) in xenharmonics ever since.
 
[https://tonalitydiamondapplet.nickvuci.com/ Play some tonality diamonds on your browser here.]


== Construction ==
== Construction ==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200">
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200">
File:How to tonality diamond 1.png|'''Step 1: Take the numbers of an odd-limit and arrange them along two axes.'''
File:How to tonality diamond 1.png|'''Step 1: Take the numbers of an odd limit and arrange them along two axes.'''
File:How to tonality diamond 2.png|'''Step 2: Using one axis as the numerator and the other as the denominator, fill in the cells with the ratios they form.'''
File:How to tonality diamond 2.png|'''Step 2: Using one axis as the numerator and the other as the denominator, fill in the cells with the ratios they form.'''
File:How to tonality diamond 3.png|'''Step 3: Octave-reduce the ratios (i.e. make sure the decimal form of each ratio is between 1 and 2; if it is not, double one of the numbers until it is).'''  
File:How to tonality diamond 3.png|'''Step 3: Octave-reduce the ratios (i.e. make sure the decimal form of each ratio is between 1 and 2; if it is not, double one of the numbers until it is).'''  
File:How to tonality diamond 4.png|'''Optional step: to make the rows play rooted chords, one half of the diamond (not including the middle unison row) must be lowered by an octave (represented by grey cells in image).'''
File:How to tonality diamond 4.png|'''Optional step: to make the rows play rooted chords, one half of the diamond (not including the middle unison row) must be lowered by an octave (represented by grey cells in image).'''
</gallery>Note: the numbers of the odd-limit are generally arranged in one of three ways:
</gallery>


* Numerically: (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) as in Meyer's 7-limit diamond.
Note: the numbers of the odd limit are generally arranged in one of three ways:
* Tonally: (1, 9, 5, 11, 3, 7) as in Partch's 11-limit diamond.
* Numerically: (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) as in Meyer's 7-odd-limit diamond.
* Tonally: (1, 9, 5, 11, 3, 7) as in Partch's 11-odd-limit diamond.
* Chordally: (1, 5, 3, 7, 9, 11) as in the layout for the Diamond Marimba. This creates a 4:5:6:7:9:11 extended 11th chord on the diagonal, arranged in thirds.
* Chordally: (1, 5, 3, 7, 9, 11) as in the layout for the Diamond Marimba. This creates a 4:5:6:7:9:11 extended 11th chord on the diagonal, arranged in thirds.
Here is a short video illustrating the interlocking nature of the otonal and utonal chords and constant presence of the 1/1 interval in the 5-limit tonality diamond:
[[File:5-Limit Tonality Diamond original format.mp4|1000x400px]]


== History ==
== History ==
The tonality diamond was first formally explained by Max F. Meyer in his 1929 publication ''The Musician's Arithmetic'' using the 7-odd-limit.<ref name="meyer1929"/>
The tonality diamond was first formally explained by Max F. Meyer in his 1929 publication ''The Musician's Arithmetic'' using the 7-odd-limit.<ref name="meyer1929"/>


Harry Partch is the person most associated with the tonality diamond, and claimed to have invented it. However, it is likely that he plagarized the idea from Meyer.<ref>Forster, Cris (2015). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221207160002/https://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/the-partch-hoax-doctrines/ The Partch Hoax Doctrines]''. Self-published.</ref> Regardless, his extending of the concept to the 11-odd-limit (as well as his other extensions and uses of it) was an extremely important and foundational moment in the history of xenharmonic music.  
Harry Partch is the person most associated with the tonality diamond, and claimed to have invented it. However, it is likely that he plagiarized the idea from Meyer.<ref>Forster, Cris (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221207160002/https://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/the-partch-hoax-doctrines/ ''The Partch Hoax Doctrines'']. Self-published.</ref> Regardless, his extending of the concept to the 11-odd-limit (as well as his other extensions and uses of it) was an extremely important and foundational moment in the history of xenharmonic music.  


[[Erv Wilson]] in particular was inspired by Partch's use of the tonality diamond and it's extended form. He developed a number of "diamonds" himself,<ref>Wilson, Erv. (1965-1970) [https://anaphoria.com/diamond.pdf ''Letters on Diamond Lattices''] (PDF) Self-published.</ref> as well as other concepts inspired by Partch's use of the extended tonality diamond such as [[constant structure]].<ref>Wilson, Erv. (1964-2002) [https://www.anaphoria.com/Partchpapers.pdf ''The Partch Papers''] (collection of documents on Harry Partch's 11-limit diamond and its extensions, PDF). Self-published.</ref> A related idea of Wilson's is the [[Cross-set scale|cross-set]], of which the tonality diamond is a special case.     
[[Erv Wilson]] in particular was inspired by Partch's use of the tonality diamond and its extended form. He developed a number of "diamonds" himself,<ref>Wilson, Erv. (1965–1970) [https://anaphoria.com/diamond.pdf ''Letters on Diamond Lattices''] (PDF) Self-published.</ref> as well as other concepts inspired by Partch's use of the extended tonality diamond such as [[constant structure]].<ref>Wilson, Erv. (1964-2002) [https://www.anaphoria.com/Partchpapers.pdf ''The Partch Papers''] (collection of documents on Harry Partch's 11-odd-limit diamond and its extensions, PDF). Self-published.</ref> A related idea of Wilson's is the [[cross-set scale|cross-set]], of which the tonality diamond is a special case.     
 
The first novel xenharmonic temperament—[[George Secor]]'s later-named [[miracle]] temperament—was made to approximate Partch's 11-odd-limit diamond.<ref>Secor, George (1975). [https://www.anaphoria.com/SecorMiracle.pdf ''A New Look at the Partch Monophonic Fabric.''] Xenharmonicon. Vol. 3</ref><ref>Secor, George. (2006) [https://www.anaphoria.com/SecorMiracle.pdf ''The Miracle Temperament and Decimal Keyboard'']. Xenharmonikon. Vol. 18. 2006. pp. 5–15</ref>


The first novel xenharmonic temperament—[[George Secor|George Secor's]] later-named [[Miracle]] temperament—was made to approximate Partch's 11-limit diamond.<ref>Secor, George (1975). [https://www.anaphoria.com/SecorMiracle.pdf ''A New Look at the Partch Monophonic Fabric.''] Xenharmonicon. Vol. 3</ref><ref>Secor, George. (2006) [https://www.anaphoria.com/SecorMiracle.pdf ''The Miracle Temperament and Decimal Keyboard'']. Xenharmonikon. Vol. 18. 2006. pp. 5–15</ref>
=== Instrument layout ===
=== Instrument layout ===
The most famous example of the tonality diamond as a practical layout for an instrument is Harry Partch's "Diamond Marimba," which uses the 11-odd-limit tonality diamond exactly. This idea was explored further with Partch's "Quadrangularis Reversum," and by Cris Forster with his [[13-odd-limit]] Diamond Marimba.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220901100217/https://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/instruments-and-music/diamond-marimba-i/</ref>[[File:Diamond_marimba_layout.png|thumb|Layout of the Diamond Marimba. Ratios are shown unreduced to highlight the structure. [https://sintel.website/posts/diamond_marimba.html Click here to play the Diamond Marimba on your browser.]|488x488px|none]]
The most famous example of the tonality diamond as a practical layout for an instrument is Harry Partch's "Diamond Marimba," which uses the 11-odd-limit tonality diamond exactly. This idea was explored further with Partch's "Quadrangularis Reversum," and by [[Cris Forster]] with his [[13-odd-limit]] Diamond Marimba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220901100217/https://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/instruments-and-music/diamond-marimba-i/ Diamond Marimba I – The Chrysalis Foundation]</ref>[[File:Diamond_marimba_layout.png|thumb|Layout of the Diamond Marimba. Ratios are shown unreduced to highlight the structure. [https://sintel.website/posts/diamond_marimba.html Click here to play the Diamond Marimba on your browser.]|488x488px|none]]
 
== Music ==
== Music ==
; Banjo Boogie
; [[Banjo Boogie]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1K227vkfBdc Demonstration and improvisation on a banjo drumset tuned to the 7-limit tonality diamond]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1K227vkfBdc Demonstration and improvisation on a banjo drumset tuned to the 7-limit tonality diamond]


; Cris Forster
; [[Cris Forster]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDFRGgWQp4I Dream Time]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDFRGgWQp4I ''Dream Time'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zyCZklRrnI The Harbor]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zyCZklRrnI ''The Harbor'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foqWB37nW7w Wild Flower]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foqWB37nW7w ''Wild Flower'']


; Harry Partch
; [[Harry Partch]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCuYcS_Lcro Castor & Pollux]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCuYcS_Lcro ''Castor & Pollux'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_trV1AWU0Y Diamond Marimba] from ''The World of Harry Partch''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_trV1AWU0Y "Diamond Marimba"] from ''The World of Harry Partch''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZybJAEPu18 Sonata Dementia (1950)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZybJAEPu18 ''Sonata Dementia''] (1950)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZiTiveqbDw Three Dances (1952)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZiTiveqbDw ''Three Dances''] (1952)


; David Paulick
; [[David Paulick]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-c3hYWunKps Improvisation using a Web MIDI Tonality Diamond (2022)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-c3hYWunKps ''Improvisation using a Web MIDI Tonality Diamond''] (2022)


; T.J Troy
; [[T.J Troy]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q-sq9UwSgY Five-Corner Square]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q-sq9UwSgY ''Five-Corner Square'']


== Related scales ==
== Related scales ==
* [[diamond5|5-limit diamond]]
* [[Diamond5|5-odd-limit diamond]]
* [[diamond7|7-limit diamond]]
* [[Diamond7|7-odd-limit diamond]]
* [[diamond9|9-limit diamond]]
* [[Diamond9|9-odd-limit diamond]]
* [[diamond11|11-limit diamond]]
* [[Diamond11|11-odd-limit diamond]]
* [[diamond13|13-limit diamond]]
* [[Diamond13|13-odd-limit diamond]]
* [[diamond15|15-limit diamond]]
* [[Diamond15|15-odd-limit diamond]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Odd limit]]
* [[Odd limit]]
* [[Cross-set scale]]
* [[Cross-set scale]]
* [[Diamond function|Diamond Function]]
* [[Diamond function]]
* [[Lattice]]
* [[Lattice]]


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