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| <h2>IMPORTED REVISION FROM WIKISPACES</h2>
| | {{interwiki |
| This is an imported revision from Wikispaces. The revision metadata is included below for reference:<br>
| | | en = List of approaches to musical tuning |
| : This revision was by author [[User:JlMoriart|JlMoriart]] and made on <tt>2014-07-07 02:53:00 UTC</tt>.<br>
| | | de = |
| : The original revision id was <tt>515700336</tt>.<br> | | | es = |
| : The revision comment was: <tt></tt><br> | | | ja = 調律方法 |
| The revision contents are below, presented both in the original Wikispaces Wikitext format, and in HTML exactly as Wikispaces rendered it.<br>
| | }} |
| <h4>Original Wikitext content:</h4>
| | Musical [[tuning]] can be approached in many different ways. Here are some of the currently-established theories and approaches. |
| <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Below is a partial list of currently-established theories and approaches related to tuning.</span>
| | |
| * [[JustIntonation|Just Intonation]]: The tuning of pitches so that their fundamental frequencies are related by ratios of whole numbers. An infinite world of numerous models: the harmonic series, integer frequency ratios, tonality diamonds, eikosany, etc. | | [[Xen concepts for beginners]] provides a solid foundation to start from in exploring this assortment of tunings. |
| * [[xenharmonic/Equal Temperaments|Equal tuning]]: Tunings that use a single interval (and combinations thereof) to form a subtle monoculture of intervals. | | |
| * [[Historical Temperaments]]: The (somewhat forgotten) use of [[xenharmonic/Meantone|meantone tunings]] and [[well temperament|well temperaments]] in Western common practice music. | | == Defined approaches == |
| * Musical traditions of indigenous, ancient, and/or non-Western cultures | | |
| ** [[Arabic, Turkish, Persian]] | | === Shape-based === |
| ** [[Indian]] (North, South) | | * [[Equal-step tuning]]s: Tunings that use a single interval (and combinations thereof) to form a subtle monoculture of intervals. These include [[edo]]s (equal divisions of the octave), but also [[edonoi]] (equal divisions of [[nonoctave]] intervals). |
| ** [[African]] | | * [[MOS scale|Moment of symmetry (MOS)]]: Tunings (or better, scales) that use iterations of a generating interval, modulo a period interval, to produce scales of two step-sizes. |
| ** Thai | | * [[Tetrachord|Tetrachordal scales]]: the use of divided fourths as building blocks for composition. |
| ** [[Pre-Columbian South American Music|Pre-Columbian South American]] (e.g. Maya, Inca, Aztec..) | | |
| ** [[Indonesian]] (Java, Bali) | | === Ratio-based === |
| ** Ancient Greek, [[http://orthodoxwiki.org/Byzantine_Chant#The_scale|Byzantine]] | | * [[Just intonation]]: The tuning of pitches so that their fundamental frequencies are related by ratios of whole numbers. An infinite world of numerous models: |
| * [[Regular Temperaments]]: (including Linear Temperaments): a centuries-old practice that has recently undergone a mathematical facelift, in which Just Intonation is selectively and regularly detuned in various ways, to better meet a variety of compositional desires | | ** [[Adaptive just intonation]] |
| * [[MOSScales|Moment of Symmetry]]: Tunings (or better, scales) that use iterations of a generating interval, modulo a period interval, to produce scales of two step-sizes. | | ** [[Combination product sets]] |
| * [[Empirical]] This is a form of hands-on, field research as opposed to a form of acoustical or scale engineering where tunings are specifically derived from listening and playing experiments carried out in the pitch continuum.
| | ** [[Detempering]] (including [[ringer scale]]s) |
| * [[tetrachord|Tetrachordal Scales]], which use divided fourths as building blocks for composition. | | ** [[Fokker blocks]] |
| * [[isoharmonic chords|Isoharmonic chords/scales]] | | ** The [[harmonic series]] and [[subharmonic series]] |
| * [[Pretty Pictures]] that represent scales in one way or another | | ** [[Harmonic limits]] |
| * [[Notation]](pretty pictures for a the purpose of writing music down) | | ** [[Isoharmonic chord]]s |
| ** [[Nominal-Accidental Chains]] A common approach to notation | | ** [[Just intonation subgroup]]s |
| * the notion of a [[Scalesmith]] who //builds// scales, with various methods, perhaps for single occasions
| | ** [[NEJI]] scales (near-equal just intonation) |
| ** Counter-intuitive, random, arbitrary scales | | ** [[Overtone scale]]s/[[AFDO]]s |
| ** Numerology-based, computationally demanding scales | | ** [[Primodality]] |
| ** Scale stretching
| | ** [[Tonality diamond]]s |
| ** Acoustically-based (resonant frequencies of performance space, for example)</pre></div>
| | ** [[Tritriadic scale]]s |
| <h4>Original HTML content:</h4>
| | ** Undertone scales/[[IFDO]]s |
| <div style="width:100%; max-height:400pt; overflow:auto; background-color:#f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding:0em"><pre style="margin:0px;border:none;background:none;word-wrap:break-word;width:200%;white-space: pre-wrap ! important" class="old-revision-html"><html><head><title>Approaches to Musical Tuning</title></head><body><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Below is a partial list of currently-established theories and approaches related to tuning.</span><br />
| | ** etc. |
| <ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/JustIntonation">Just Intonation</a>: The tuning of pitches so that their fundamental frequencies are related by ratios of whole numbers. An infinite world of numerous models: the harmonic series, integer frequency ratios, tonality diamonds, eikosany, etc.</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/Equal%20Temperaments">Equal tuning</a>: Tunings that use a single interval (and combinations thereof) to form a subtle monoculture of intervals.</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Historical%20Temperaments">Historical Temperaments</a>: The (somewhat forgotten) use of <a class="wiki_link" href="http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/Meantone">meantone tunings</a> and <a class="wiki_link" href="/well%20temperament">well temperaments</a> in Western common practice music.</li><li>Musical traditions of indigenous, ancient, and/or non-Western cultures<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Arabic%2C%20Turkish%2C%20Persian">Arabic, Turkish, Persian</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Indian">Indian</a> (North, South)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/African">African</a></li><li>Thai</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pre-Columbian%20South%20American%20Music">Pre-Columbian South American</a> (e.g. Maya, Inca, Aztec..)</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Indonesian">Indonesian</a> (Java, Bali)</li><li>Ancient Greek, <a class="wiki_link_ext" href="http://orthodoxwiki.org/Byzantine_Chant#The_scale" rel="nofollow">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Regular%20Temperaments">Regular Temperaments</a>: (including Linear Temperaments): a centuries-old practice that has recently undergone a mathematical facelift, in which Just Intonation is selectively and regularly detuned in various ways, to better meet a variety of compositional desires</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/MOSScales">Moment of Symmetry</a>: Tunings (or better, scales) that use iterations of a generating interval, modulo a period interval, to produce scales of two step-sizes.</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Empirical">Empirical</a> This is a form of hands-on, field research as opposed to a form of acoustical or scale engineering where tunings are specifically derived from listening and playing experiments carried out in the pitch continuum.</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/tetrachord">Tetrachordal Scales</a>, which use divided fourths as building blocks for composition.</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/isoharmonic%20chords">Isoharmonic chords/scales</a></li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Pretty%20Pictures">Pretty Pictures</a> that represent scales in one way or another</li><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Notation">Notation</a>(pretty pictures for a the purpose of writing music down)<ul><li><a class="wiki_link" href="/Nominal-Accidental%20Chains">Nominal-Accidental Chains</a> A common approach to notation</li></ul></li><li>the notion of a <a class="wiki_link" href="/Scalesmith">Scalesmith</a> who <em>builds</em> scales, with various methods, perhaps for single occasions<ul><li>Counter-intuitive, random, arbitrary scales</li><li>Numerology-based, computationally demanding scales</li><li>Scale stretching</li><li>Acoustically-based (resonant frequencies of performance space, for example)</li></ul></li></ul></body></html></pre></div>
| | * [[Timbral tuning]]: An approach similar to just intonation, but using an instrument's actual, non-harmonic overtone spectrum (e.g. the partials of a metal bar, drum head, or synthesized timbre) to relate frequencies instead of the harmonic series. |
| | * [[Regular temperament]]s (including [[linear temperament]]s): a centuries-old practice that has recently undergone a mathematical facelift, in which just intonation is selectively and regularly detuned in various ways, to better meet a variety of compositional desires |
| | * [[Historical temperaments]]: The (somewhat forgotten) use of [[Pythagorean tuning]], [[meantone]] tunings and [[well temperament]]s in Western common practice music. |
| | * [[Xenharmonic series]]: Just intonation but the entire matrix of just intervals is stretched, squished or otherwise warped or manipulated for interesting effect. |
| | |
| | === Musical traditions of indigenous, ancient, and/or non-Western cultures === |
| | * [[African]] (dozens of distinct traditions) |
| | * [[Ancient Greek]] |
| | * [[Arabic, Turkish, Persian|Arabic]] |
| | * [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Byzantine_Chant#The_scale Byzantine] |
| | * [[Wikipedia:Music of Croatia|Croatian]] (including the [[Istrian]] scale) |
| | * [[Music of Georgia|Georgian]] |
| | * [[Indian]] (e.g. North, South) |
| | * [[Indonesian]] (most famously [[gamelan]]) |
| | * [[Arabic, Turkish, Persian|Iranian (Persian)]] |
| | * [[Pre-Columbian South American Music|Pre-Columbian South American]] (e.g. Maya, Inca, Aztec) |
| | * [[Wikipedia:Music of Thailand|Thai]] |
| | * [[Arabic, Turkish, Persian|Turkish]] |
| | * Many that use an [[equipentatonic]] or [[equiheptatonic]] scale |
| | |
| | == Subjective processes == |
| | The following approaches describe the subjective exploration process or its representations rather than its objective, audible result: |
| | |
| | * [[Contextual Xenharmonics]]: The exploration of why things sound the way they do to some and not others. |
| | * [[Empirical]]: A form of hands-on field research as opposed to a form of acoustical or scale engineering, where tunings are specifically derived from listening and playing experiments carried out in the pitch continuum. |
| | * [[Pretty Pictures]] that represent scales in one way or another. |
| | * [[Musical notation]]: Pretty pictures for the purpose of writing music down. |
| | ** [[Nominal-Accidental Chains]]: The most common approach to notation |
| | * The notion of a [[Scalesmith]] who ''builds'' scales, with various methods, perhaps for single occasions. |
| | ** Mathematically based scales |
| | ** Acoustically-based scales (resonant frequencies of performance space, for example) |
| | ** Scale transformation and stretching |
| | ** Counter-intuitive, random, or [[:Category:Novelties|arbitrary]] scales |
| | |
| | == See also == |
| | * [[Taxonomies of xen approaches]] |
| | |
| | [[Category:Overview]] |
| | [[Category:Practice]] |
| | [[Category:Tuning]] |
| | |
| | {{Todo|cleanup}} |